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Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

NCT number NCT01656070
Other study ID # HLS02/2011-1.0-09-11-2010
Secondary ID 2011-000593-54
Status Completed
Phase Phase 2
First received July 31, 2012
Last updated August 1, 2012
Start date April 2011
Est. completion date July 2012

Study information

Verified date August 2012
Source University of Milan
Contact n/a
Is FDA regulated No
Health authority Italy: The Italian Medicines Agency
Study type Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Along with its effects on bone metabolism, vitamin D is an important modulator of the immune system. Experimental studies have shown that the active metabolite of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is able to skew the T cell compartment into a more anti-inflammatory state, with inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells and promotion of Th2 and T regulatory subsets.

In the context of HIV infection, in which Th1 subpopulations are devoted to inhibit viral replication, any alteration of the Th1/Th2 balance would be of concern.

The aim of this Randomized Controlled Trial is to test wether oral supplementation with cholecalciferol could be able: 1) to improve vitamin D status and, 2) to play an immunomodulatory role, in vertically HIV-infected children and young adults with hypovitaminosis D.


Description:

There is increasing evidence that hypovitaminosis D is common in the general population.

Low dietary intake of vitamin D and reduced exposure to sunlight are probably the major risk factors. A high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been described in HIV-infected adults, and children. HIV infection itself and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment may be responsible for alteration of vitamin D metabolism. For instance, studies have shown a significant decrease in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentration in adults receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Whatever the cause(s) of hypovitaminosis D, because of the importance of vitamin D in bone health, randomized controlled trials (RCT) have been performed to test whether vitamin D supplementation can improve vitamin D status and bone mineral metabolism in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Along with its effects on bone metabolism, vitamin D is an important modulator of the immune system. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in high concentrations in activated T lymphocytes, in small amounts in monocyte/macrophage cells while B lymphocytes do not contain detectable amounts of VDR.

Experimental studies have shown that the active di-hydroxylated metabolite of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] is able to skew the T cell compartment into a more anti-inflammatory state, with inhibition of Th1 and Th17 cells and promotion of Th2 and T regulatory (Treg) subsets.

In the context of HIV infection, in which Th1 subpopulations are devoted to inhibit viral replication, 16 any alteration of the Th1/Th2 balance would be of concern.

Although all the biological effects of vitamin D are mediated by the 1,25(OH)2D, it is the 25(OH)D to be routinely quantified because of its longer half-life.17 However, HIV-infected subjects may have a defective 1α-hydroxylation of 25(OH)D. Thus, it is important to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation both in terms of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D responses.

This repeated-measures parallel-group RCT is aimed to test wether a 12-month oral supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is able: 1) to increase serum 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D levels and, 2) to affect T-cell phenotype in vertically HIV-infected children and young adults with hypovitaminosis D and stable HIV-disease.

Main outcome: to determine the frequency of hypovitaminosis D at 12-month of follow-up among subjects supplemented with oral cholecalciferol versus subjects receiving placebo.

Secondary outcome: to investigate correlations - if any - between serum vitamin D concentration and markers of immune activation (i.e. Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-lymphocytes count, T-lymphocyte VDR expression)


Recruitment information / eligibility

Status Completed
Enrollment 50
Est. completion date July 2012
Est. primary completion date July 2012
Accepts healthy volunteers No
Gender Both
Age group N/A to 30 Years
Eligibility Inclusion Criteria:

- Vertically acquired HIV infection

- age < 30 years

- serum 25(OH)D concentration < 30 ng/mL

- signed written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

- hyperparathyroidism, as detected by an intact serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) = 65 pg/mL

- Black ethnic group

- any supplementation with vitamin D in the previous 12 months

- use of any treatment known to alter vitamin D status in the previous 6 months (excluding ARV)

- any concomitant severe illness.

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Outcomes Assessor), Primary Purpose: Treatment


Intervention

Drug:
oral cholecalciferol 1000000 UI (vitamin D3)

Placebo


Locations

Country Name City State
Italy Department of Paediatrics - L. Sacco Hospital Milan

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor Collaborator
University of Milan

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Italy, 

References & Publications (33)

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Arpadi SM, McMahon D, Abrams EJ, Bamji M, Purswani M, Engelson ES, Horlick M, Shane E. Effect of bimonthly supplementation with oral cholecalciferol on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in HIV-infected children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;123(1):e121-6. doi: 10.1542/peds.2008-0176. Erratum in: Pediatrics. 2009 May;123(5):1437. — View Citation

Arpadi SM, McMahon DJ, Abrams EJ, Bamji M, Purswani M, Engelson ES, Horlick M, Shane E. Effect of supplementation with cholecalciferol and calcium on 2-y bone mass accrual in HIV-infected children and adolescents: a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012 Mar;95(3):678-85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.111.024786. Epub 2012 Jan 18. — View Citation

Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C. Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010 Aug;10(4):482-96. doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001. Epub 2010 Apr 27. Review. — View Citation

Bang U, Kolte L, Hitz M, Dam Nielsen S, Schierbeck LL, Andersen O, Haugaard SB, Mathiesen L, Benfield T, Jensen JE. Correlation of increases in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D during vitamin D therapy with activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-1-infected males. HIV Clin Trials. 2012 May-Jun;13(3):162-70. doi: 10.1310/hct1303-162. — View Citation

Bischoff-Ferrari HA. "Vitamin D - why does it matter?" - defining vitamin D deficiency and its prevalence. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2012;243:3-6. doi: 10.3109/00365513.2012.681938. — View Citation

Boonstra A, Barrat FJ, Crain C, Heath VL, Savelkoul HF, O'Garra A. 1alpha,25-Dihydroxyvitamin d3 has a direct effect on naive CD4(+) T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells. J Immunol. 2001 Nov 1;167(9):4974-80. — View Citation

Clerici M, Seminari E, Maggiolo F, Pan A, Migliorino M, Trabattoni D, Castelli F, Suter F, Fusi ML, Minoli L, Carosi G, Maserati R; Master Group. Early and late effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a 2 year follow-up of antiviral-treated and antiviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 2002 Sep 6;16(13):1767-73. — View Citation

Conesa-Botella A, Florence E, Lynen L, Colebunders R, Menten J, Moreno-Reyes R. Decrease of vitamin D concentration in patients with HIV infection on a non nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimen. AIDS Res Ther. 2010 Nov 23;7:40. doi: 10.1186/1742-6405-7-40. — View Citation

D'Ambrosio D, Cippitelli M, Cocciolo MG, Mazzeo D, Di Lucia P, Lang R, Sinigaglia F, Panina-Bordignon P. Inhibition of IL-12 production by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Involvement of NF-kappaB downregulation in transcriptional repression of the p40 gene. J Clin Invest. 1998 Jan 1;101(1):252-62. — View Citation

Fazekas de St Groth B, Landay AL. Regulatory T cells in HIV infection: pathogenic or protective participants in the immune response? AIDS. 2008 Mar 30;22(6):671-83. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e3282f466da. Review. — View Citation

Haug C, Müller F, Aukrust P, Frøland SS. Subnormal serum concentration of 1,25-vitamin D in human immunodeficiency virus infection: correlation with degree of immune deficiency and survival. J Infect Dis. 1994 Apr;169(4):889-93. — View Citation

Haug CJ, Aukrust P, Haug E, Mørkrid L, Müller F, Frøland SS. Severe deficiency of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in human immunodeficiency virus infection: association with immunological hyperactivity and only minor changes in calcium homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Nov;83(11):3832-8. — View Citation

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1911-30. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0385. Epub 2011 Jun 6. Erratum in: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Dec;96(12):3908. — View Citation

Jacobson DL, Spiegelman D, Duggan C, Weinberg GA, Bechard L, Furuta L, Nicchitta J, Gorbach SL, Miller TL. Predictors of bone mineral density in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Sep;41(3):339-46. — View Citation

Kakalia S, Sochett EB, Stephens D, Assor E, Read SE, Bitnun A. Vitamin D supplementation and CD4 count in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 2011 Dec;159(6):951-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.06.010. Epub 2011 Aug 4. — View Citation

Klein SA, Dobmeyer JM, Dobmeyer TS, Pape M, Ottmann OG, Helm EB, Hoelzer D, Rossol R. Demonstration of the Th1 to Th2 cytokine shift during the course of HIV-1 infection using cytoplasmic cytokine detection on single cell level by flow cytometry. AIDS. 1997 Jul 15;11(9):1111-8. — View Citation

Kuehn EW, Anders HJ, Bogner JR, Obermaier J, Goebel FD, Schlöndorff D. Hypocalcaemia in HIV infection and AIDS. J Intern Med. 1999 Jan;245(1):69-73. — View Citation

Mueller NJ, Fux CA, Ledergerber B, Elzi L, Schmid P, Dang T, Magenta L, Calmy A, Vergopoulos A, Bischoff-Ferrari HA; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency in combined antiretroviral therapy-naive and successfully treated Swiss HIV patients. AIDS. 2010 May 15;24(8):1127-34. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328337b161. — View Citation

Rabe-Hesketh S, Skrondal A. Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. Volume 1: Continuous responses. College Station, TX: Stata Press; 2012.

Rodríguez M, Daniels B, Gunawardene S, Robbins GK. High frequency of vitamin D deficiency in ambulatory HIV-Positive patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2009 Jan;25(1):9-14. doi: 10.1089/aid.2008.0183. — View Citation

Rutstein R, Downes A, Zemel B, Schall J, Stallings V. Vitamin D status in children and young adults with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Clin Nutr. 2011 Oct;30(5):624-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.02.005. Epub 2011 Jun 8. — View Citation

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Signorello LB, Shi J, Cai Q, Zheng W, Williams SM, Long J, Cohen SS, Li G, Hollis BW, Smith JR, Blot WJ. Common variation in vitamin D pathway genes predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels among African Americans. PLoS One. 2011;6(12):e28623. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028623. Epub 2011 Dec 21. — View Citation

Sloka S, Silva C, Wang J, Yong VW. Predominance of Th2 polarization by vitamin D through a STAT6-dependent mechanism. J Neuroinflammation. 2011 May 24;8:56. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-8-56. — View Citation

Sousa AE, Carneiro J, Meier-Schellersheim M, Grossman Z, Victorino RM. CD4 T cell depletion is linked directly to immune activation in the pathogenesis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 but only indirectly to the viral load. J Immunol. 2002 Sep 15;169(6):3400-6. — View Citation

Stephensen CB, Marquis GS, Kruzich LA, Douglas SD, Aldrovandi GM, Wilson CM. Vitamin D status in adolescents and young adults with HIV infection. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 May;83(5):1135-41. — View Citation

Teichmann J, Stephan E, Lange U, Discher T, Friese G, Lohmeyer J, Stracke H, Bretzel RG. Osteopenia in HIV-infected women prior to highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect. 2003 May;46(4):221-7. — View Citation

Van Den Bout-Van Den Beukel CJ, Fievez L, Michels M, Sweep FC, Hermus AR, Bosch ME, Burger DM, Bravenboer B, Koopmans PP, Van Der Ven AJ. Vitamin D deficiency among HIV type 1-infected individuals in the Netherlands: effects of antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2008 Nov;24(11):1375-82. doi: 10.1089/aid.2008.0058. — View Citation

Veldman CM, Cantorna MT, DeLuca HF. Expression of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor in the immune system. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2000 Feb 15;374(2):334-8. — View Citation

Zadshir A, Tareen N, Pan D, Norris K, Martins D. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among US adults: data from the NHANES III. Ethn Dis. 2005 Autumn;15(4 Suppl 5):S5-97-101. — View Citation

* Note: There are 33 references in allClick here to view all references

Outcome

Type Measure Description Time frame Safety issue
Primary frequency of Hypovitaminosis D [serum 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL] in the Vitamin D receiving group vs placebo group Vertically HIV-infected patients aged <30 years and with serum 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL were randomized into the vitamin D or placebo group. At baseline (0 months), 3, 6 and 9 months, the intervention group received orally 100000 IU of cholecalciferol. Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, PTH and CD4+ T cells were assessed 3 months before baseline, at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, while Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-subsets and T-lymphocyte vitamin D receptor at 0, 3 and 12 months 12 months Yes
Secondary Effect of oral cholecalciferol supplementation on T cell phenotype in vertically HIV-infected youth with stable HIV diseases Vertically HIV-infected patients aged <30 years and with serum 25(OH)D < 30 ng/mL were randomized into the vitamin D or placebo group. At baseline (0 months), 3, 6 and 9 months, the intervention group received orally 100000 IU of cholecalciferol. CD4+ T-cells were assessed 3 months before enrollment (-3 months), at baseline (0 months) and at each visit thereafter (3, 6, 9 and 12 months). T-lymphocyte VDR expression and Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Treg-lymphocytes were measured at 0, 3 and 12 months. 12 months Yes
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