Vaccine — Pneumonia Vaccine Education Intervention Study
Citation(s)
Ahmad Hamidi A, Gelmez Tas B, Gunduz A, Nur Celebi S, Esen ES, Toprak D, Dokmetas I Immunization rates of pneumococcal, influenza and tetanus vaccines and knowledge and attitudes of adult patients who receive inpatient treatment at hospital: Point prevalence study. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(11):2649-2653. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489187. Epub 2018 Jul 12.
Cotugno S, Morrow G, Cooper C, Cabie M, Cohn S Impact of pharmacist intervention on influenza vaccine assessment and documentation in hospitalized psychiatric patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2017 Dec 1;74(23 Supplement 4):S90-S94. doi: 10.2146/ajhp160755.
Coyle CM, Currie BP Improving the rates of inpatient pneumococcal vaccination: impact of standing orders versus computerized reminders to physicians. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004 Nov;25(11):904-7. doi: 10.1086/502317.
McFadden K, Seale H A review of hospital-based interventions to improve inpatient influenza vaccination uptake for high-risk adults. Vaccine. 2021 Jan 22;39(4):658-666. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.042. Epub 2020 Dec 21.
Queeno BV Evaluation of Inpatient Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination Acceptance Rates With Pharmacist Education. J Pharm Pract. 2017 Apr;30(2):202-208. doi: 10.1177/0897190016628963. Epub 2016 Jul 9.
Robke JT, Woods M A decade of experience with an inpatient pneumococcal vaccination program. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010 Jan 15;67(2):148-52. doi: 10.2146/ajhp080638.
Stinchfield PK Practice-proven interventions to increase vaccination rates and broaden the immunization season. Am J Med. 2008 Jul;121(7 Suppl 2):S11-21. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.05.003.
Physician-Pharmacy Collaboration to Increase Patient Acceptance of Pneumococcal Immunization Prior to Inpatient Discharge
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
