Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Not yet recruiting
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT05923970 |
| Other study ID # |
RES00059887 |
| Secondary ID |
|
| Status |
Not yet recruiting |
| Phase |
|
| First received |
|
| Last updated |
|
| Start date |
September 1, 2024 |
| Est. completion date |
February 28, 2026 |
Study information
| Verified date |
March 2024 |
| Source |
University of Alberta |
| Contact |
Carmen Charlton, PhD |
| Phone |
1 (780) 407-8975 |
| Email |
carmen.charlton[@]albertahealthservices.ca |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
|
| Study type |
Observational
|
Clinical Trial Summary
The current recommendation for a full course of measles-mumps-rubella-(varicella) vaccine
(MMR(V)) is two doses. The problem is, many individuals within the vaccinated cohort show
antibody levels that are below the level considered to be protective, even after two doses of
vaccine. Because of these waning antibody levels, it is currently unknown whether highly
vaccinated populations are protected from infection against measles, mumps, rubella, or
varicella should they be exposed to any of these viruses. The uncertainty of a woman's immune
status is partly due to the type of testing that is used to indicate protection. While
immunity to viral infection requires both a humoral and a cell mediated immune (CMI)
response, only humoral (antibody) responses are measured routinely in the laboratory. This
study will examine CMI responses and the role of a third dose of vaccine for previously
vaccinated women whose antibody levels are below the cut off. This study will not administer
vaccine, but rather will include women who have received a third dose of vaccination through
routine health care follow up in the study cohort.
Description:
In highly vaccinated populations, the level of antibody produced against vaccine-preventable
diseases has been waning overtime. Many low prevalence countries, including Canada, Israel,
Australia, and Finland have reported decreases in the level of IgG for measles, mumps,
rubella, and varicella often to below the level that is considered to be protective. These
data have questioned the true level of protection in our populations. It is currently unclear
if a vaccinated individual with low antibody levels, who was exposed to a vaccine preventable
infection, would mount an effective immune response, or if they would develop infection.
Susceptibility to infection is particularly concerning for prenatal populations, where
exposure to rubella or varicella during pregnancy can result in congenital infection.
Rubella and varicella infection are considered mild, self-limiting illnesses when they affect
young healthy children, however fetal infection during the first 16-20 weeks of gestation can
result in development of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS), or congenital varicella syndrome
(CVS). CRS is associated with severe long-term sequelae including microphthalmia,
chorioretinitis, deafness, limb aplasia, and cognitive impairments such as microcephaly,
while CVS is associated with skin lesions, neurological defects, limb hypoplasia, and can
cause up to 20% fetal mortality. In endemic countries, CRS and CVS continue to be reported at
high levels. Worldwide, approximately 100,000 CRS cases are estimated per year, while global
estimates are not known for CVS, incidence rates of 1.6-4.3/1,000 were reported in the 1990's
in the US. Prevention of these congenital conditions is therefore the primary goal of
prenatal programs worldwide.
The standard laboratory method to determine if an individual has protective immunity against
rubella and varicella infection is to test for circulating antibodies specific to rubella or
varicella. Individuals with immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody levels that are above the assay
cut off (>10 IU/ml for rubella and positive for varicella) are considered protected from
infection, while individuals with IgG levels that are below the cut off are considered
susceptible to infection. Recently, our group has examined the longevity of anti-rubella and
anti-varicella IgG levels in pre- and post-vaccination cohorts in the Alberta prenatal
population. Following introduction of universal childhood vaccination programs, the level of
IgG has decreased relative to age. For rubella, individuals who were born in or after 1981,
and for varicella, individuals who were <20 years of age, have significantly lower rubella or
varicella IgG levels respectively than those who were born prior to universal childhood
vaccination programs (and whose immunity is derived by natural infection). Decreasing
antibody levels for rubella, measles, and mumps have also been described in other vaccinated
populations, suggesting that waning immunity is specific to populations where endemic
transmission has been eliminated, or significantly reduced.
It is difficult to determine whether women whose antibody levels are detectable, but below
the protective cut off, would mount a protective immune response upon challenge of viable
virus. Disconcertingly, 30% of women undergoing prenatal screening in Alberta with low
antibody levels against rubella previously received a full vaccine course (2 doses of a
rubella containing vaccine). It is currently unknown whether these vaccinated women would
mount an effective immune response, without additional vaccination, or if their infants would
be at risk for CRS.
The uncertainty of a woman's immune status is partly due to the type of testing that is used
to indicate protection. While immunity to viral infection requires both a humoral and a cell
mediated immune (CMI) response, only humoral (antibody) responses are measured routinely in
the laboratory.
The live-attenuated measles/mumps/rubella/varicella viruses used in vaccine closely mimic
interactions that would be observed between the host and a wild type virus. The attenuated
vaccine virus is known to replicate within host cells, similar to wild type virus, and can be
detected in the blood of volunteers following vaccination. T cell responses have been shown
to be long-lived following vaccination, for example T cell proliferation was observed
following rubella-specific peptide stimulation 14-16 years after a single dose of vaccine.
Likewise, in children who were vaccinated with live attenuated measles vaccine, only
1.90/100,000 where infected during a measles outbreak in the population 10 years later, while
17.84/100,000 children who received a killed vaccine (which would not effectively stimulate
the CMI response), were infected during the same measles outbreak. In the context of herd
immunity, low (but detectable) antibody levels may be sufficient to provide immunity to
rubella infection, however no correlation between antibody levels and CMI has been performed
for large, vaccinated populations.
This study will examine CMI responses and the role of a third dose of vaccine for previously
vaccinated women whose antibody levels are below the cut off. This study will not administer
vaccine, but rather will include women who have received a third dose of vaccination through
routine health care follow up in the study cohort. Rubella antibody levels will be used to
separate women into high and low antibody groups. Measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella IgG
levels and CMI responses will be measured pre- and post-third vaccine dose to determine the
benefits of third dose administration.
