Thoracic Surgery — The Effect of Anesthesia on Cerebral Oxygenation
Citation(s)
Aguirre JA, Märzendorfer O, Brada M, Saporito A, Borgeat A, Bühler P Cerebral oxygenation in the beach chair position for shoulder surgery in regional anesthesia: impact on cerebral blood flow and neurobehavioral outcome. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Dec;35:456-464. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.08.035. Epub 2016 Oct 18.
Kazan R, Bracco D, Hemmerling TM Reduced cerebral oxygen saturation measured by absolute cerebral oximetry during thoracic surgery correlates with postoperative complications. Br J Anaesth. 2009 Dec;103(6):811-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/aep309.
Mahal I, Davie SN, Grocott HP Cerebral oximetry and thoracic surgery. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2014 Feb;27(1):21-7. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000027. Review.
Nakayama M, Murray PA Ketamine preserves and propofol potentiates hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction compared with the conscious state in chronically instrumented dogs. Anesthesiology. 1999 Sep;91(3):760-71.
The Effect of Different Anesthesia Techniques on Cerebral Oxygenation in Thoracic Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
