Bourke HE, Gordon DJ, Salmon LJ, Waller A, Linklater J, Pinczewski LA The outcome at 15 years of endoscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon autograft for 'isolated' anterior cruciate ligament rupture. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012 May;94(5):630-7. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.94B5.28675.
Bourke HE, Salmon LJ, Waller A, Patterson V, Pinczewski LA Survival of the anterior cruciate ligament graft and the contralateral ACL at a minimum of 15 years. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Sep;40(9):1985-92. doi: 10.1177/0363546512454414. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
Coffey R, Bordoni B Lachman Test. 2022 Jul 25. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554415/
Costa-Paz M, Garcia-Mansilla I, Marciano S, Ayerza MA, Muscolo DL Knee-related quality of life, functional results and osteoarthritis at a minimum of 20 years' follow-up after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee. 2019 Jun;26(3):666-672. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2019.04.010. Epub 2019 May 15.
Drogset JO, Strand T, Uppheim G, Odegard B, Boe A, Grontvedt T Autologous patellar tendon and quadrupled hamstring grafts in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective randomized multicenter review of different fixation methods. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Aug;18(8):1085-93. doi: 10.1007/s00167-009-0996-5. Epub 2009 Dec 3.
Freedman KB, D'Amato MJ, Nedeff DD, Kaz A, Bach BR Jr Arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a metaanalysis comparing patellar tendon and hamstring tendon autografts. Am J Sports Med. 2003 Jan-Feb;31(1):2-11. doi: 10.1177/03635465030310011501.
Gifstad T, Foss OA, Engebretsen L, Lind M, Forssblad M, Albrektsen G, Drogset JO Lower risk of revision with patellar tendon autografts compared with hamstring autografts: a registry study based on 45,998 primary ACL reconstructions in Scandinavia. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct;42(10):2319-28. doi: 10.1177/0363546514548164. Epub 2014 Sep 8.
Gifstad T, Sole A, Strand T, Uppheim G, Grontvedt T, Drogset JO Long-term follow-up of patellar tendon grafts or hamstring tendon grafts in endoscopic ACL reconstructions. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2013 Mar;21(3):576-83. doi: 10.1007/s00167-012-1947-0. Epub 2012 Mar 10.
Goldblatt JP, Fitzsimmons SE, Balk E, Richmond JC Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament: meta-analysis of patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft. Arthroscopy. 2005 Jul;21(7):791-803. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2005.04.107.
Herzog MM, Marshall SW, Lund JL, Pate V, Mack CD, Spang JT Trends in Incidence of ACL Reconstruction and Concomitant Procedures Among Commercially Insured Individuals in the United States, 2002-2014. Sports Health. 2018 Nov/Dec;10(6):523-531. doi: 10.1177/1941738118803616.
Holm I, Oiestad BE, Risberg MA, Aune AK No difference in knee function or prevalence of osteoarthritis after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament with 4-strand hamstring autograft versus patellar tendon-bone autograft: a randomized study with 10-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2010 Mar;38(3):448-54. doi: 10.1177/0363546509350301. Epub 2010 Jan 23.
Kohn MD, Sassoon AA, Fernando ND Classifications in Brief: Kellgren-Lawrence Classification of Osteoarthritis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2016 Aug;474(8):1886-93. doi: 10.1007/s11999-016-4732-4. Epub 2016 Feb 12. No abstract available.
Konrads C, Reppenhagen S, Plumhoff P, Hoberg M, Rudert M, Barthel T No significant difference in clinical outcome and knee stability between patellar tendon and semitendinosus tendon in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016 Apr;136(4):521-5. doi: 10.1007/s00402-015-2386-4. Epub 2016 Jan 2.
Leys T, Salmon L, Waller A, Linklater J, Pinczewski L Clinical results and risk factors for reinjury 15 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a prospective study of hamstring and patellar tendon grafts. Am J Sports Med. 2012 Mar;40(3):595-605. doi: 10.1177/0363546511430375. Epub 2011 Dec 19.
Mascarenhas R, Tranovich MJ, Kropf EJ, Fu FH, Harner CD Bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus hamstring autograft anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the young athlete: a retrospective matched analysis with 2-10 year follow-up. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012 Aug;20(8):1520-7. doi: 10.1007/s00167-011-1735-2. Epub 2011 Nov 3.
Mohtadi NG, Chan DS, Dainty KN, Whelan DB Patellar tendon versus hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament rupture in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Sep 7;2011(9):CD005960. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005960.pub2.
Persson A, Fjeldsgaard K, Gjertsen JE, Kjellsen AB, Engebretsen L, Hole RM, Fevang JM Increased risk of revision with hamstring tendon grafts compared with patellar tendon grafts after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a study of 12,643 patients from the Norwegian Cruciate Ligament Registry, 2004-2012. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Feb;42(2):285-91. doi: 10.1177/0363546513511419. Epub 2013 Dec 9.
Pinczewski LA, Lyman J, Salmon LJ, Russell VJ, Roe J, Linklater J A 10-year comparison of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions with hamstring tendon and patellar tendon autograft: a controlled, prospective trial. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Apr;35(4):564-74. doi: 10.1177/0363546506296042. Epub 2007 Jan 29.
Roos EM, Toksvig-Larsen S Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation and comparison to the WOMAC in total knee replacement. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003 May 25;1:17. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-1-17.
Sajovic M, Stropnik D, Skaza K Long-term Comparison of Semitendinosus and Gracilis Tendon Versus Patellar Tendon Autografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 17-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2018 Jul;46(8):1800-1808. doi: 10.1177/0363546518768768. Epub 2018 May 9.
Sajovic M, Vengust V, Komadina R, Tavcar R, Skaza K A prospective, randomized comparison of semitendinosus and gracilis tendon versus patellar tendon autografts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: five-year follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2006 Dec;34(12):1933-40. doi: 10.1177/0363546506290726. Epub 2006 Aug 21.
Samuelsen BT, Webster KE, Johnson NR, Hewett TE, Krych AJ Hamstring Autograft versus Patellar Tendon Autograft for ACL Reconstruction: Is There a Difference in Graft Failure Rate? A Meta-analysis of 47,613 Patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017 Oct;475(10):2459-2468. doi: 10.1007/s11999-017-5278-9.
Tegner Y, Lysholm J Rating systems in the evaluation of knee ligament injuries. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985 Sep;(198):43-9.
Thompson SM, Salmon LJ, Waller A, Linklater J, Roe JP, Pinczewski LA Twenty-Year Outcome of a Longitudinal Prospective Evaluation of Isolated Endoscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction With Patellar Tendon or Hamstring Autograft. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Dec;44(12):3083-3094. doi: 10.1177/0363546516658041. Epub 2016 Aug 4.
Vaudreuil NJ, Rothrauff BB, de Sa D, Musahl V The Pivot Shift: Current Experimental Methodology and Clinical Utility for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture and Associated Injury. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2019 Mar;12(1):41-49. doi: 10.1007/s12178-019-09529-7.
Webster KE, Feller JA, Hartnett N, Leigh WB, Richmond AK Comparison of Patellar Tendon and Hamstring Tendon Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A 15-Year Follow-up of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Jan;44(1):83-90. doi: 10.1177/0363546515611886. Epub 2015 Nov 17.
Xie X, Liu X, Chen Z, Yu Y, Peng S, Li Q A meta-analysis of bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft versus four-strand hamstring tendon autograft for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Knee. 2015 Mar;22(2):100-10. doi: 10.1016/j.knee.2014.11.014. Epub 2014 Dec 11.
Reduced Knee Flexion Strength 18 Years After ACL Reconstruction in Hamstring Group
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
