Suicide — The Effects of Regular Mountain Hiking on Hopelessness in Chronically Suicidal Patients
Citation(s)
Babiss LA, Gangwisch JE Sports participation as a protective factor against depression and suicidal ideation in adolescents as mediated by self-esteem and social support. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009 Oct;30(5):376-84. doi: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181b33659.
Simon TR, Powell KE, Swann AC Involvement in physical activity and risk for nearly lethal suicide attempts. Am J Prev Med. 2004 Nov;27(4):310-5.
Taliaferro LA, Rienzo BA, Pigg RM Jr, Miller MD, Dodd VJ Associations between physical activity and reduced rates of hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior among college students. J Am Coll Health. 2009 Jan-Feb;57(4):427-36. doi: 10.3200/JACH.57.4.427-436.
Tao FB, Xu ML, Kim SD, Sun Y, Su PY, Huang K Physical activity might not be the protective factor for health risk behaviours and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents. J Paediatr Child Health. 2007 Nov;43(11):762-7.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
