Muehlschlegel S, Rordorf G, Bodock M, Sims JR Dantrolene mediates vasorelaxation in cerebral vasoconstriction: a case series. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(1):116-21. doi: 10.1007/s12028-008-9132-5. Epub 2008 Aug 12.
Muehlschlegel S, Rordorf G, Sims J Effects of a single dose of dantrolene in patients with cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective pilot study. Stroke. 2011 May;42(5):1301-6. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.603159. Epub 2011 Mar 31.
Muehlschlegel S, Sims JR Dantrolene: mechanisms of neuroprotection and possible clinical applications in the neurointensive care unit. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(1):103-15. doi: 10.1007/s12028-008-9133-4. Epub 2008 Aug 12. Review.
Salomone S, Soydan G, Moskowitz MA, Sims JR Inhibition of cerebral vasoconstriction by dantrolene and nimodipine. Neurocrit Care. 2009;10(1):93-102. doi: 10.1007/s12028-008-9153-0. Epub 2008 Oct 16.
Dantrolene in the Prevention and Treatment of Cerebral Vasospasm in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
