Cormack J, Powers CM Is there evidence that botulinum toxin injections are more effective than phenol injections in relieving poststroke reflex activity during plantar flexion, thereby increasing ankle range of motion and improving gait function? Phys Ther. 2004 Jan;84(1):76-84.
Cruz TH, Dhaher YY Impact of ankle-foot-orthosis on frontal plane behaviors post-stroke. Gait Posture. 2009 Oct;30(3):312-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.05.018. Epub 2009 Jun 30.
John MM, Willis FB, Portillo A Dynamic splinting for runner's toe: a case report with gait analysis. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009 Jul-Aug;99(4):367-70.
Johnson CA, Burridge JH, Strike PW, Wood DE, Swain ID The effect of combined use of botulinum toxin type A and functional electric stimulation in the treatment of spastic drop foot after stroke: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Jun;85(6):902-9.
Kim JH, Jang SH, Kim CS, Jung JH, You JH Use of virtual reality to enhance balance and ambulation in chronic stroke: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2009 Sep;88(9):693-701. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181b33350.
Lai JM, Francisco GE, Willis FB Dynamic splinting after treatment with botulinum toxin type-A: a randomized controlled pilot study. Adv Ther. 2009 Feb;26(2):241-8. doi: 10.1007/s12325-008-0139-2. Epub 2009 Feb 4.
Lai JM, Jones M, and Willis FB Effect of Dynamic Splinting on Excessive Plantarflexion Tone/Contracture: A Controlled, Crossover Study. Proceedings of the 16th European Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. Minerva Medica pubs, Italy, August 2008, pg 106-109.
Lam T, Luttmann K, Houldin A, Chan C Treadmill-based locomotor training with leg weights to enhance functional ambulation in people with chronic stroke: a pilot study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2009 Sep;33(3):129-35. doi: 10.1097/NPT.0b013e3181b57de5.
McGuire JR Effective use of chemodenervation and chemical neurolysis in the management of poststroke spasticity. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2001 Spring;8(1):47-55.
Pleis JR, Lucas JW, Ward BW Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2008. Vital Health Stat 10. 2009 Dec;(242):1-157.
Sheean G Neurophysiology of spasticity. In: Barnes MP, Johnson GR. Upper motor neuron syndrome and spasticity. Cambridge University Press, 2008: 9-63.
States RA, Pappas E, Salem Y Overground physical therapy gait training for chronic stroke patients with mobility deficits. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD006075. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006075.pub2. Review.
Stock R, Mork PJ The effect of an intensive exercise programme on leg function in chronic stroke patients: a pilot study with one-year follow-up. Clin Rehabil. 2009 Sep;23(9):790-9. doi: 10.1177/0269215509335291. Epub 2009 Jun 26.
Usuba M, Akai M, Shirasaki Y, Miyakawa S Experimental joint contracture correction with low torque--long duration repeated stretching. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2007 Mar;456:70-8.
Willis, F B. Post-TBI Gait Rehabilitation. Applied Neurol. 2007 Jul;3(7):25-26.
Dynamic Splinting for Excessive Plantarflexion in Patients With Spastic Hemiplegia: A Randomized, Controlled Study of Gait Analysis
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
