Shoulder Pain Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Effect of Thrower's Ten Exercise Programme On Upper Extremity Muscle Power, Range of Motion and Explosive Power in Wheelchair Basketball and Basketball Players
Basketball is a challenging sport that requires participants to demonstrate physical fitness
and special athletic skills at high levels. Players avoid contact while attempting to prevent
the opponent from running, passing and shooting. Although basketball includes avoiding
contact as a rule, contact between players is inevitable. Various injuries occur in
basketball because it is a contact sport and includes sudden movements, such as bouncing,
running and turning. Wheelchair (WC) basketball is characterised by manoeuvres and
high-intensity activities such as rolling, rebounding, passing and overhead shooting. In WC
basketball players, thoracic kyphosis is increased because of atrophy of the upper back and
shoulders muscles resulting from the body posture required for WC propulsion in the sitting
position as well as the effect of gravity. This sitting posture is characterised by scapular
protraction and internal rotation of the humerus, and it impedes shoulder movements during
upper-extremity use.
Overhead throwing is a movement that involves high speed and repetitive movement that leads
to upper-extremity injuries. It is important to develop muscle strength and proprioception to
protect against these injuries.
Throwers Ten exercise programme is a programme designed to improve the power, strength and
endurance of large muscle groups required for the throwing activity. It consists of exercises
involving the movement of upper limb joints in full range of joint motion (ROM) or at
specified specific angles, with the help of a resistance band and weights specific to
individual athletes.
In the literature, no study has demonstrated the effectiveness of Throwers Ten exercise
programme in these sports groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
Throwers Ten exercise programme on upper-extremity function and explosive power in the WC
basketball players and stand-up basketball players.
Basketball is a challenging sport that requires participants to demonstrate physical fitness
and special athletic skills at high levels. Players avoid contact while attempting to prevent
the opponent from running, passing and shooting. Although basketball includes avoiding
contact as a rule, contact between players is inevitable. Various injuries occur in
basketball because it is a contact sport and includes sudden movements, such as bouncing,
running and turning.
Wheelchair (WC) basketball is characterised by manoeuvres and high-intensity activities such
as rolling, rebounding, passing and overhead shooting. In WC basketball players, thoracic
kyphosis is increased because of atrophy of the upper back and shoulders muscles resulting
from the body posture required for WC propulsion in the sitting position as well as the
effect of gravity. This sitting posture is characterised by scapular protraction and internal
rotation of the humerus, and it impedes shoulder movements during upper-extremity use. The
force balance changes because of humeral internal rotation and scapular protraction, and the
internal rotator and adductor muscles become stronger than their antagonists. In basketball,
throwing and pushing are used to pass the ball to the target. In throwing, the force of the
dominant upper extremity comes into play with the internal rotation of the humerus. In this
movement, the humerus is almost horizontal and parallel to the ground.
Increased use of the upper extremities in WC users increases upper-extremity load. For this
reason, upper-extremity muscle strength, endurance and explosive power are of great
importance. Rotational muscle strength of the shoulder has critical roles in activities
specific to basketball as well as WC control in WC basketball players.
Overhead throwing is a movement that involves high speed and repetitive movement that leads
to upper-extremity injuries. It is important to develop muscle strength and proprioception to
protect against these injuries.
Throwers Ten exercise programme is a programme designed to improve the power, strength and
endurance of large muscle groups required for the throwing activity. It consists of exercises
involving the movement of upper limb joints in full range of joint motion (ROM) or at
specified specific angles, with the help of a resistance band and weights specific to
individual athletes. In a study conducted by Wilk et al., it was reported that muscle
strength and endurance were improved by increasing muscle activation and facilitation, and
achieving dynamic stabilisation by adding isometric contractions to the concentric/eccentric
contractions applied in the Throwers Ten exercise programme.
In the literature, no study has demonstrated the effectiveness of Throwers Ten exercise
programme in these sports groups. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of
Throwers Ten exercise programme on upper-extremity function and explosive power in the WC
basketball players and stand-up basketball players. In addition, because the WC basketball
players and stand-up basketball players were evaluated in this study, our secondary aim was
to elucidate the differences in responses to the exercise programme between a group without
lower-extremity use and incomplete strength distribution and a group with complete strength
distribution.
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