Quality of Life — Prostate Cancer Survivors and Exercise and Behavioral Counseling
Citation(s)
Antonelli J, Freedland SJ, Jones LW Exercise therapy across the prostate cancer continuum. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2009;12(2):110-5. doi: 10.1038/pcan.2009.4. Epub 2009 Mar 10. Review.
Baumann FT, Zopf EM, Bloch W Clinical exercise interventions in prostate cancer patients--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2012 Feb;20(2):221-33. doi: 10.1007/s00520-011-1271-0. Epub 2011 Oct 12. Review.
Keogh JW, MacLeod RD Body composition, physical fitness, functional performance, quality of life, and fatigue benefits of exercise for prostate cancer patients: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012 Jan;43(1):96-110. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.03.006. Epub 2011 Jun 2. Review.
Treanor CJ, Li J, Donnelly M Cognitive impairment among prostate cancer patients: An overview of reviews. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2017 Nov;26(6). doi: 10.1111/ecc.12642. Epub 2017 Feb 7. Review.
Trinh L, Plotnikoff RC, Rhodes RE, North S, Courneya KS Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of adding behavioral counseling to supervised physical activity in kidney cancer survivors: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer Nurs. 2014 Sep-Oct;37(5):E8-22. doi: 10.1097/NCC.0b013e3182a40fb6.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
