Primary Open Angle Glaucoma — African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study
Citation(s)
Anton A, Yamagishi N, Zangwill L, Sample PA, Weinreb RN Mapping structural to functional damage in glaucoma with standard automated perimetry and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Apr;125(4):436-46.
Johnson CA, Sample PA, Cioffi GA, Liebmann JR, Weinreb RN Structure and function evaluation (SAFE): I. criteria for glaucomatous visual field loss using standard automated perimetry (SAP) and short wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP). Am J Ophthalmol. 2002 Aug;134(2):177-85.
Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN Corneal thickness measurements and visual function abnormalities in ocular hypertensive patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2003 Feb;135(2):131-7.
Medeiros FA, Sample PA, Weinreb RN Frequency doubling technology perimetry abnormalities as predictors of glaucomatous visual field loss. Am J Ophthalmol. 2004 May;137(5):863-71.
Stamper R L., Sample P. A. and Girkin C. A. (Eds.). (2003). Assessing Visual Function in Clinical Practice. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, Vol.16, Number . In Anderson D.R.(ed.) Standard Perimetry (pp. 205-212).
Stamper R L., Sample P. A. and Girkin C. A. (Eds.). (2003). Assessing Visual Function in Clinical Practice. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, Vol.16, Number . In Anderson J.A and Johnson C.A. (eds.). Frequency-Doubling Technology Perminetry (pp213-226)
Stamper R L., Sample P. A. and Girkin C. A. (Eds.). (2003). Assessing Visual Function in Clinical Practice. Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, Vol.16, Number 2. In Racette L and Sample P.A. (eds.). Short wave automated perimetry. (pp227 -236).
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
