Post Operative Pain — Cold Therapy for Pain Control Following Caesarean Section
Citation(s)
Amin-Hanjani S, Corcoran J, Chatwani A Cold therapy in the management of postoperative cesarean section pain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992 Jul;167(1):108-9.
Koç M, Tez M, Yoldas O, Dizen H, Göçmen E Cooling for the reduction of postoperative pain: prospective randomized study. Hernia. 2006 Apr;10(2):184-6. Epub 2006 Jan 24.
Kullenberg B, Ylipää S, Söderlund K, Resch S Postoperative cryotherapy after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective study of 86 patients. J Arthroplasty. 2006 Dec;21(8):1175-9.
Placek PJ, Taffel S, Moien M Cesarean section delivery rates: United States, 1981. Am J Public Health. 1983 Aug;73(8):861-2.
Placek PJ, Taffel SM Trends in cesarean section rates for the United States, 1970--78. Public Health Rep. 1980 Nov-Dec;95(6):540-8.
Stafford RS Alternative strategies for controlling rising cesarean section rates. JAMA. 1990 Feb 2;263(5):683-7.
Cold Therapy for Pain Control Following Caesarean Section at Erlanger Baroness Hospital
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
