Post-mastectomy Pain Syndrome — Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Plane Block Vs Paravertebral Block For Chronic Post-mastectomy Pain.
Citation(s)
Couceiro TC, Menezes TC, Valênça MM Post-mastectomy pain syndrome: the magnitude of the problem. Rev Bras Anestesiol. 2009 May-Jun;59(3):358-65. Review. English, Portuguese.
Gärtner R, Jensen MB, Nielsen J, Ewertz M, Kroman N, Kehlet H Prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain following breast cancer surgery. JAMA. 2009 Nov 11;302(18):1985-92. doi: 10.1001/jama.2009.1568. Erratum in: JAMA. 2012 Nov 21;308(19):1973.
Wijayasinghe N, Andersen KG, Kehlet H Neural blockade for persistent pain after breast cancer surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Jul-Aug;39(4):272-8. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000101. Review.
Ultrasound-Guided Serratus Plane Block Vs Paravertebral Block For Chronic Post-mastectomy Pain.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
