Pneumonia — Oral Care of Intubated Intensive Care Patient
Citation(s)
Abdelhafez AI, Tolba AA Nurses' practices and obstacles to oral care quality in intensive care units in Upper Egypt. Nurs Crit Care. 2023 May;28(3):411-418. doi: 10.1111/nicc.12736. Epub 2021 Dec 2.
Alja'afreh MA, Mosleh SM, Habashneh SS The Effects of Oral Care Protocol on the Incidence of Ventilation-Associated Pneumonia in Selected Intensive Care Units in Jordan. Dimens Crit Care Nurs. 2019 Jan/Feb;38(1):5-12. doi: 10.1097/DCC.0000000000000334.
Andersson P, Persson L, Hallberg IR, Renvert S Testing an oral assessment guide during chemotherapy treatment in a Swedish care setting: a pilot study. J Clin Nurs. 1999 Mar;8(2):150-8. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.1999.00237.x.
Blot S, Deschepper M, Labeau S De-adoption of chlorhexidine oral care and ICU mortality. Intensive Care Med. 2022 May;48(5):624-625. doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06621-4. Epub 2022 Jan 17. No abstract available.
Chair SY, Chan DWK, Cao X The interaction of subglottic drainage, cuff pressure, and oral care on endotracheal tube fluid leakage: A benchtop study. Aust Crit Care. 2020 Jul;33(4):358-363. doi: 10.1016/j.aucc.2019.05.002. Epub 2019 Jun 24.
Cuthbertson BH, Dale CM Less daily oral hygiene is more in the ICU: yes. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Mar;47(3):328-330. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06261-6. Epub 2020 Oct 10. No abstract available.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
