Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Completed
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT01947114 |
| Other study ID # |
CTF.08.11.05/31128 |
| Secondary ID |
|
| Status |
Completed |
| Phase |
Phase 4
|
| First received |
September 4, 2013 |
| Last updated |
September 17, 2013 |
| Start date |
November 2005 |
| Est. completion date |
August 2006 |
Study information
| Verified date |
September 2013 |
| Source |
Bezmialem Vakif University |
| Contact |
n/a |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
Turkey: Ethics CommitteeTurkey: Ministry of Health |
| Study type |
Interventional
|
Clinical Trial Summary
Purpose: In this study we wanted to compare bolus propofol and ketamine as an adjuvant to
remifentanil-based total intravenous anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy.
Materials and Methods: Forty children under 12 years of age scheduled for rigid bronchoscopy
were included. After midazolam premedication, remifentanil infusion 1 µg/kg/min was started
and patients were randomly allocated to receive either propofol (Group P) or ketamine (Group
K) and mivacurium for muscle relaxation. Anesthesia was maintained with remifentanil
infusion 1 µg/kg/min and bolus doses of propofol or ketamine. After rigid bronchoscopy
remifentanil 0.05 µg/kg/min was maintained until extubation. Hemodynamic parameters,
emergence characteristics and adverse events were evaluated.
Description:
After approval by Institutional Ethics Committee and obtaining informed consent of parents,
40 consecutive children under 12 years who were scheduled to have RB for diagnostic
(suspected foreign body aspiration, bronchoalveolar lavage) and/or therapeutic purposes
(removal of foreign bodies and/or mucus plugs) were included.
Fasting time before induction of anesthesia was at least 6 hours for solid food and 4 hours
for clear liquids. Before admission to the preoperative holding area, a local anesthetic
cream was applied to the insertion site and IV catheterization was performed. Midazolam
(0.05 mg/kg) was given intravenously just before admission to the operating room. Pulse
oximetry (SpO2), ECG and non-invasive blood pressure were monitored. Before induction all
children were pre-oxygenated and a crystalloid infusion 10 mg/kg/h was started. Children
were randomly allocated to one of two groups according to sealed envelopes. After a second
dose of IV midazolam 0.05 mg/kg, remifentanil infusion 1 µg/kg/min was started. During the
1st minute of remifentanil infusion, propofol 2-4 mg/kg, including lidocaine 1 mg/mL for
injection pain (Group P) or ketamine 2-3 mg/kg (Group K) was administered. When adequate
mask ventilation was ensured, mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg was administered for muscle relaxation
and RB was begun at the 4-5th minute of remifentanil infusion. Depth of anesthesia was
assessed clinically by hemodynamic parameters (heart rate, blood pressure), movement,
coughing, bucking, lacrimation and sweating. Additional doses of propofol (0.5-1 mg/kg) or
ketamine (0.25-0.5 mg/kg), with or without mivacurium (0.025-0.05 mg/kg, according to the
course of bronchoscopy) were given when inadequate depth of anesthesia was considered.
Remifentanil infusion 1 µg/kg/min was maintained throughout the procedure.
Patients were manually ventilated with a 'T' piece connected to the side arm of the rigid
bronchoscope. The fresh gas flow was adjusted to 6-10 L/min. In case of major air leakage,
oxygen flush valve was used for adequate filling of the reservoir bag while airway pressure
limit was adjusted to 20-30 cmH2O.
After bronchoscopy, endotracheal intubation was performed, manually controlled or assisted
ventilation with 4-8 cmH2O PEEP and 50% oxygen in air was performed. Tracheal and oral
secretions were suctioned as needed and the patients were turned to the lateral decubitus
position for recovery. After being placed in the recovery position, no further stimulation
was allowed except gentle suctioning of oral secretions and for a smooth extubation
remifentanil infusion was decreased to 0.05 µg/kg/min and continued until just before
extubation. When patients began to demonstrate emergence from anesthesia by displaying a
regular respiratory pattern, facial grimacing or purposeful movement, trachea was extubated.
In cases of breath-holding and arterial oxygen desaturation, assisted or controlled mask
ventilation was performed. Pure oxygen was administered via the mask in order to maintain
SpO2 above 94%.
Noninvasive blood pressure was measured before induction as a baseline value, after
induction (just before laryngoscopy) and in 3 minutes of interval during rigid bronchoscopy.
Hypotension was defined as a systolic blood pressure lower than 60 mmHg for children under 2
years and 70 mmHg for children 2-12 years old. Hypotension was treated with an increase in
IV crystalloid infusion and two consecutive measures of hypotension treated with ephedrine
and a decrease in remifentanil infusion. Bradycardia was defined as a heart rate slower than
80 beats/min for infants and 60 beats/min for older children (11) and treated with atropine
0.01 mg/kg.
SpO2 values below 90% were defined as hypoxemia. The severity of hypoxemia was graded as
mild (SpO2: 80-89%), moderate (SpO2: 70-79%) or severe (SpO2<70%). Coughing or respiratory
effort (diaphragm movement) and limb movement during laryngoscopy and rigid bronchoscopy was
graded as mild (minor movement that does not effect surgical comfort), moderate (effect
surgical comfort) or severe (the bronchoscope has to be removed or any complication) by the
endoscopist. Postoperative severe restlessness and disorientation with purposeless activity
were defined as emergence agitation. All adverse events were recorded by an independent
observer.
A pilot study was performed with the technique used for the Group P. Power analysis showed
that a minimum sample size of 40 patients (20 in each group) was required to detect a 20%
change in arterial pressures at a power level of 90% with p<0.05. Categorical variables and
hemodynamic parameters were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U Test and repeated-measures Anova
respectively. Comparison of the incidence of the outcomes between the two groups was
analyzed by a two-tailed Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance was defined as
p<0.05.
