Intervention
Behavioral:
• Motivational Enhancement
Motivational Enhancements (ME) will include three features:
Personalized change plan. Parents will describe their intervention goals, motivation for participation, steps they are willing to take to meet those goals, as well as potential barriers to engagement and strategies to try to overcome such barriers. We will display the change plan to remind parents of their personalized responses. ME will also integrate participants' change plan responses into intervention content.
Assessment feedback. We will provide norm-referenced feedback for each selected parenting measure after the week 1 assessment. For simplicity, feedback will graphically categorize the parent or child in 3 categories per outcome: red (=90th %ile), yellow (70-89th %ile), and green (<70th %ile).
Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. Parents will receive 2 weekly personalized SMS messages based on their change plan responses.
• Simplification
We will follow recommendations of research on improving the readability of patient-directed text (e.g., fewer, shorter, less complex words, minimizing colons, semicolons, and decimal points). We will employ the Dale-Chall Readability (DCRI) score, which was developed for health education materials and, compared to other readability metrics, has higher correlations with comprehension. The target DCR score is 7 (8th grade reading level). We will avoid lower DCR scores because moderate levels of complexity enhance, attention, absorption, satisfaction, and ultimately engagement.
• Gamification
Gamification will include four features:
Game-like graphical environment (e.g., avatars to represent the participant).
Digital rewards. Parents will receive points and badges for completing intervention activities.
Leaderboard. A leaderboard will be used to activate competitive motives and social referencing. The leaderboard will display the points/badges of the participant relative to 4 other actual or simulated anonymized parents who are at a similar point in the intervention; their number of points and badges will be determined by those of the participant.
Modified, personalized SMS text nudges. SMS text nudges will alternate between Core content (e.g., reminder to complete a module) and reminders about game features such as badges and standings.
• Low Engagement Nudges
SMS text nudges will be sent to participants who have fallen behind in completing specific intervention tasks within a given time window; e.g., failing to log-in to the next module by a predetermined date, timed to program enrollment or in a prespecified number of days since completing the previous module.
• Essentials for Parenting Toddlers and Pre-schoolers (EFP)
All parents will receive the Core intervention content, including text, demonstrations (videos and vignettes), and interactive activities (e.g., skill-building), and comprising five modules: Communicating with Your Child; (2) Giving Directions; (3) Creating Structure; (4) Using Discipline and Consequences; and (5) Using Time-out. The Core intervention will be augmented with more prescriptive behavioral skills practice exercises and SMS text nudges to remind participants to complete intervention modules.
All conditions will be housed on Westat servers accessible through any device that can use the Internet, including computers, tablets, and smartphones. Westat has extensive technical capacities for web programming/hosting.
