Overactive Bladder — Evaluation of Autonomic System Before and After Anticholinergic Treatment in Women With Overactive Bladder
Citation(s)
Hubeaux K, Deffieux X, Ismael SS, Raibaut P, Amarenco G Autonomic nervous system activity during bladder filling assessed by heart rate variability analysis in women with idiopathic overactive bladder syndrome or stress urinary incontinence. J Urol. 2007 Dec;178(6):2483-7. Epub 2007 Oct 15.
Liao WC, Jaw FS A noninvasive evaluation of autonomic nervous system dysfunction in women with an overactive bladder. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010 Jul;110(1):12-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.03.007. Epub 2010 Apr 25.
Mehnert U, Knapp PA, Mueller N, Reitz A, Schurch B Heart rate variability: an objective measure of autonomic activity and bladder sensations during urodynamics. Neurourol Urodyn. 2009;28(4):313-9. doi: 10.1002/nau.20641.
Schiffers M, Sauermann P, Schurch B, Mehnert U The effect of tolterodine 4 and 8 mg on the heart rate variability in healthy subjects. World J Urol. 2010 Oct;28(5):651-6. doi: 10.1007/s00345-010-0513-y. Epub 2010 Feb 7.
Observational Study on the Effect of Anticholinergic on the Autonomic System in Women With OAB
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
