Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting — Effect of Propofol on Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting.
Citation(s)
Jelting Y, Klein C, Harlander T, Eberhart L, Roewer N, Kranke P Preventing nausea and vomiting in women undergoing regional anesthesia for cesarean section: challenges and solutions. Local Reg Anesth. 2017 Aug 9;10:83-90. doi: 10.2147/LRA.S111459. eCollection 2017.
Kampo S, Afful AP, Mohammed S, Ntim M, Buunaaim ADB, Anabah TW Sub-hypnotic dose of propofol as antiemetic prophylaxis attenuates intrathecal morphine-induced postoperative nausea and vomiting, and pruritus in parturient undergoing cesarean section - a r
Kim EG, Park HJ, Kang H, Choi J, Lee HJ Antiemetic effect of propofol administered at the end of surgery in laparoscopic assisted vaginal hysterectomy. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2014 Mar;66(3):210-5. doi: 10.4097/kjae.2014.66.3.210. Epub 2014 Mar 28.
Niu K, Liu H, Chen RW, Fang QW, Wen H, Guo SM, Williams JP, An JX Use of propofol for prevention of post-delivery nausea during cesarean section: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Anesth. 2018 Oct;32(5):748-755. doi: 10.1007/s00540-018-2549-x. Epub 2018 Sep 12.
Shaikh SI, Nagarekha D, Hegade G, Marutheesh M Postoperative nausea and vomiting: A simple yet complex problem. Anesth Essays Res. 2016 Sep-Dec;10(3):388-396. doi: 10.4103/0259-1162.179310.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
