Muscle Damage Clinical Trial
Official title:
The Effect of Tart Cherry Juice on Fat Metabolism, Exercise Performance, and Recovery
This study evaluates the effects of tart cherry juice consumption on endurance exercise performance, fat metabolism during exercise, blood pressure, and recovery from exercise as assessed by muscle pain, muscle strength and electrical properties of muscle. Comparisons will be made to Gatorade consumption. Participants include those who are moderately active and have experience with cycling.
Tart cherries are rich in bioactive components (i.e. flavonoids) that have anti-inflammatory
and anti-oxidant properties. Inflammation and lipid peroxidation causes damage of skeletal
muscle membranes during intense exercise. The damage of muscle increases the amount of time
for muscle to recover from intense exercise, and can cause muscle strength to be reduced for
days. When tart cherries in a concentrated form (i.e. as juice or powder) are consumed in the
days leading up to intense exercise, there is a protective effect against inflammation, and
lipid peroxidation . This theoretically prevents damage to the lipid component of muscle
fibre membranes and helps to preserve muscle function - when muscle is damaged by intense
exercise (i.e. either repetitive aerobic activity or high-force muscle contraction),
consumption of cherry juice enhances the rate of muscle strength recovery following exercise
compared to when a placebo (i.e. non-cherry) beverage is consumed . Muscle damage may be
protected by cherry juice consumption; however, all studies evaluating the protective effect
of cherries have assessed muscle damage by measuring muscle proteins in the blood. This
rather indirect measure of muscle damage is highly variable and not always an accurate
assessment of muscle damage; this may be why some studies indicate a reduction in markers of
muscle damage with cherry juice consumption while others do not.
A more direct assessment of muscle damage can be obtained by applying electrical stimulation
at different frequencies to a muscle before and after intense exercise and assessing the
reduction in force output in response to low-frequency and high-frequency stimulation. After
intense exercise, the force output at low frequencies of stimulation is often reduced, while
the force output at high frequencies is maintained; a phenomenon termed "low frequency
fatigue". When muscle is stimulated to contract (either voluntarily by the nervous system or
involuntarily through electrical stimulation) calcium is released inside muscle. This calcium
release leads to muscle contraction. When muscle undergoes intense exercise, there is damage
to muscle membranes, including membranes inside muscle that are responsible for calcium
release. This causes a lower amount of calcium to be released with each muscle contraction.
Normally, if high frequencies of electrical stimulation are applied to muscle, a very large
amount of calcium is released inside muscle - an amount which is "more than enough" to cause
a high amount of muscle contraction and high force output. If muscle fibre membranes
responsible for release of calcium are damaged, a lower amount of calcium is released, but
because "more than enough" calcium is usually released with high frequency stimulation, the
lower amount of calcium released with muscle damage is still enough to cause high force of
muscle contraction. The force response to low frequencies of stimulation; however, is
dramatically reduced when muscle is damaged - usually only a small amount of calcium is
released when low frequencies of stimulation are delivered to muscle. Following muscle
damage, the smaller amount of calcium released causes lower force production at low
stimulation frequency. Low force production at low stimulation frequencies, with a relatively
maintained force production at high stimulation frequencies therefore indicates that muscle
damage has occurred. This lower muscle force capability at low frequencies of stimulation has
dramatic effects on endurance performance because typical endurance performance relies on
repeated low-force muscle contractions, as opposed to the few high-force contractions that
might be required in other sports (i.e. short sprinting events or field events such as shot
put).
The study we are proposing will use this measurement (i.e. ratio of low frequency force to
high frequency force output) as a more direct measure of muscle damage. We predict that if
cherry juice is consumed in the days leading up to a bout of muscle-damaging endurance
exercise, muscle damage will be lower (as indicated by a faster recovery of low-frequency
fatigue following the bout of exercise) than when a comparison-drink (i.e. Gatorade) is
consumed.
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