Doolan DL, Dobaño C, Baird JK Acquired immunity to malaria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009 Jan;22(1):13-36, Table of Contents. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00025-08. Review.
Färnert A, Wyss K, Dashti S, Naucler P Duration of residency in a non-endemic area and risk of severe malaria in African immigrants. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015 May;21(5):494-501. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.011. Epub 2014 Dec 26.
Fernando SD, Rodrigo C, Rajapakse S The 'hidden' burden of malaria: cognitive impairment following infection. Malar J. 2010 Dec 20;9:366. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-366. Review.
Monge-Maillo B, López-Vélez R Is screening for malaria necessary among asymptomatic refugees and immigrants coming from endemic countries? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011 May;9(5):521-4. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.37.
Monge-Maillo B, López-Vélez R Migration and malaria in europe. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2012;4(1):e2012014. doi: 10.4084/MJHID.2012.014. Epub 2012 Mar 10.
Njama-Meya D, Kamya MR, Dorsey G Asymptomatic parasitaemia as a risk factor for symptomatic malaria in a cohort of Ugandan children. Trop Med Int Health. 2004 Aug;9(8):862-8.
Rono J, Osier FH, Olsson D, Montgomery S, Mhoja L, Rooth I, Marsh K, Färnert A Breadth of anti-merozoite antibody responses is associated with the genetic diversity of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections and protection against clinical malaria. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;57(10):1409-16. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit556. Epub 2013 Aug 27.
Shokoples SE, Ndao M, Kowalewska-Grochowska K, Yanow SK Multiplexed real-time PCR assay for discrimination of Plasmodium species with improved sensitivity for mixed infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Apr;47(4):975-80. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01858-08. Epub 2009 Feb 25.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
