Oral HYCAMTIN Plus Whole Brain Radiation Therapy In Treatment Of Brain Metastases Resulting From Non-Small Lung Cancer

Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell Clinical Trial

Official title:

A Randomized, Phase III, Open-Label Study of Oral Topotecan Plus Whole-Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT) Compared With WBRT Alone in Patients With Brain Metastases From Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT00390806
• Other study ID #: HYT105962
• Status: Completed
• Phase: Phase 3
• First received: October 19, 2006
• Last updated: December 5, 2013
• Start date: December 2006
• Est. completion date: September 2013

Study information

• Verified date: December 2013
• Source: GlaxoSmithKline
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Slovakia: State Institute for Drug ControlPoland: Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal ProductsPoland:Hungary: National Institute of PharmacyRussia: Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationCanada: Health CanadaUnited States: Food and Drug Administration
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

The current prognosis for patients with metastatic brain cancer from NSCLC is very poor. The current standard treatment for this disease is radiation therapy to the brain. The goal of the current study is to test whether the combination of orally administered HYCAMTIN capsules and whole brain radiation therapy will prolong the survival time of patients with this potentially serious condition.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 472
• Est. completion date: September 2013
• Est. primary completion date: July 2012
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 18 Years and older

Eligibility

Inclusion criteria:

• At least one measurable cancerous lesion in the brain from primary non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

• Must have received previous chemotherapy

• Must be 18 years of age of greater

• Must be Easter Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status 0, 1, 2

• At least 2 weeks must have elapsed since any surgery

• At least 4 weeks must have elapsed since any radiation to a non-CNS site

• Must have adequate bone marrow, renal, and live capacities

• Women must be of non-childbearing potential or practice adequate birth control

• Males must practice adequate methods of birth control

• Must sign written informed consent

Exclusion criteria:

• Previous whole brain radiation therapy

• Prior treatment with topotecan

• Investigational agent within 30 days or 5 half-live

• Concomitant therapy with inhibitors of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) or P-glycoprotein such as erlotinib or gefitinib

• Primary or secondary immunodeficiencies

• Gastrointestinal conditions that affect GI absorption or motility

• Uncontrolled emesis

• Brain metastasis at time of initial diagnosis of NSCLC

• History of other malignancy except in situ carcinoma of cervix; nonmelanomatous skin cancer, low grade prostate cancer

• Pregnant or intending to become pregnant or intending to father a baby

• Any severe concurrent medical condition that could affect compliance.

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
• Lung Cancer, Non-Small Cell
• Lung Neoplasms

Intervention

Drug:
• HYCAMTIN, oral capsules
topotecan oral capsules 1.1 mg/m2

Radiation:
• Radiation
Whole brain radiation

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Greenfield Park	Quebec
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Hamilton	Ontario
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Kingston	Ontario
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	London	Ontario
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Moncton	New Brunswick
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Montreal	Quebec
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Montreal	Quebec
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Quebec
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Sherbrooke	Quebec
Canada	GSK Investigational Site	Toronto	Ontario
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Budapest
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Csorna
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Gyor
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Gyula
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Mátraháza
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Miskolc
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Nyíregyháza
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Pécs
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Székesfehérvár
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Szombathely
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Törökbálint
Hungary	GSK Investigational Site	Zalaegerszeg-Pozva
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Bialystok
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Bydgoszcz
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Gdansk
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Krakow
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Olsztyn
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Olsztyn
Poland	GSK Investigational Site	Poznan
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Kazan
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Moscow
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Moscow
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Moscow
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Moscow
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Obninsk
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Orenburg
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	St-Petersburg
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	St. Petersburg
Russian Federation	GSK Investigational Site	Voronezh
Slovakia	GSK Investigational Site	Banska Bystrica
Slovakia	GSK Investigational Site	Bratislava
Slovakia	GSK Investigational Site	Nitra
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Albany	New York
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Albuquerque	New Mexico
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Anaheim	California
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Aurora	Colorado
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Bedford	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Birmingham	Alabama
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Bronx	New York
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Buffalo	New York
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Buffalo	New York
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Charleston	South Carolina
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Chicago	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Columbia	Missouri
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Columbus	Ohio
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Corpus Christi	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Dallas	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Duarte	California
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Duncanville	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Elk Grove Village	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Eugene	Oregon
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Everett	Washington
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Fort Worth	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Galesburg	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Glendale	Arizona
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Hot Springs	Arkansas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Indianapolis	Indiana
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Jackson	Mississippi
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Kansas City	Missouri
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Lakeland	Florida
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Las Vegas	Nevada
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Las Vegas	Nevada
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Lincoln	Nebraska
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Lubbock	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Madison	Wisconsin
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Metairie	Louisiana
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Minneapolis	Minnesota
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Paducah	Kentucky
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Park Ridge	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Pleasant Hill	California
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Rockford	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Sherman	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Skokie	Illinois
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Sugarland	Texas
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Tampa	Florida
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Tampa	Florida
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Vancouver	Washington
United States	GSK Investigational Site	Westwood	Kansas

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
GlaxoSmithKline

Countries where clinical trial is conducted

United States,  Canada,  Hungary,  Poland,  Russian Federation,  Slovakia, 

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Overall Survival	Overall survival is defined as the time from randomization until the date of death due to any cause. The date of last contact was used for those participants who had not died or were lost to follow-up. These participants were classified as having been censored.	From the time of Randomization until the date of death due to any cause (up to 195 weeks)	No
Secondary	Six-month Survival	Six-month survival is defined as the percentage of participants alive at 6 months following randomization. The date of last contact was used for those participants who had not died or were lost to follow-up. These participants were classified as having been censored.	Month 6	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With a Complete Response (CR) or a Partial Response (PR) (Central Nervous System [CNS]-Radiologic)	The number of participants achieving either a CR or PR, per World Health Organization (WHO) Criteria, in the CNS was assessed. CR is defined as the complete disappearance of all known measurable (Must be accurately measured in >=1 dimension) and nonmeasurable disease, without clinical, laboratory, or radiological evidence of recurrence for at least 4 weeks. CR may have been defined in participants with measurable and/or non-measurable disease at Screening. PR is defined as at least a 50% decrease in the sum of the products of the greatest length and perpendicular width of all measurable disease with no clear increase in nonmeasurable disease in participants without measurable disease. In both cases, there must have been no appearance of new disease, and no clinical, laboratory, or radiological evidence of disease progression for at least 4 weeks. Assessment of response was performed by the investigator and was based on unconfirmed responses.	From the time of Randomization until the time of CR or PR (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Time to Response (TTR) (CNS-radiologic)	TTR is defined as the time from Randomization until the first documented evidence of CR or PR in the CNS. CR is defined as the complete disappearance of all known measurable (Must be accurately measured in >=1 dimension) and nonmeasurable disease, without clinical, laboratory, or radiological evidence of recurrence for at least 4 weeks. CR may have been defined in participants with measurable and/or non-measurable disease at Screening. PR is defined as at least a 50% decrease in the sum of the products of the greatest length and perpendicular width of all measurable disease with no clear increase in nonmeasurable disease in participants without measurable disease. In both cases, there must have been no appearance of new disease, and no clinical, laboratory, or radiological evidence of disease progression for at least 4 weeks. Assessment of response was performed by the investigator and was based on unconfirmed responses.	From the time of Randomization until the first documented evidence of CR or PR (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Time to Progression (TTP) (CNS-radiologic)	TTP is defined as the time from Randomization until the first documented sign of disease progression in the CNS. Progressive disease (PD) is defined as an increase >=25% in any measurable lesion or, in participants with non-measurable disease only, an estimation of an increase >=25%. In both cases, determination of progression included the appearance of any new lesions, or signification worsening of conditions presumed to be related to malignancy. Participants with clinical or laboratory evidence of possible disease progression were to be evaluated radiologically. TTP was analyzed with censoring for extended loss to follow-up to account for two or more missed assessments before a TTP event. The date of the last adequate CNS assessment before extended loss to follow-up was used for censored participants.	From the time of Randomization until the first documented sign of disease progression (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Time to Progression (TTP) (All Sites of Disease-radiologic)	TTP is defined as the time from Randomization until the first documented sign of disease progression in all sites of disease. Progressive disease (PD) is defined as an increase >=25% in any measurable lesion or, in participants with non-measurable disease only, an estimation of an increase >=25%. In both cases, determination of progression included the appearance of any new lesions, or signification worsening of conditions presumed to be related to malignancy. Participants with clinical or laboratory evidence of possible disease progression were to be evaluated radiologically. TTP was analyzed with censoring for extended loss to follow-up to account for two or more missed assessments before a TTP event. The date of the last adequate CNS assessment before extended loss to follow-up was used for censored participants.	From the time of Randomization until the first documented sign of disease progression (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Number of Participants Who Ranked Each Individual Indicated Neurological Sign and Symptom as None, Mild, Moderate, or Severe at Months 1 and 3	Neurological signs and symptoms data were derived from a participant-reported diary. The participants were asked to assess the following signs and symptoms on a scale of none, mild, moderate, or severe at Months 1 and 3: headache, problems with balance/coordination (PB/C), leg weakness, arm weakness, loss of feeling/numbness (LofF/N), speech difficulty (SD), confusion, loss of memory (LofM), drowsiness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, visual problems (VP), seizures, leg/ankle swelling (L/AS), heart burn, difficulty sleeping (DS), tiredness, and appetite/weight gain (A/WG).	Months 1 and 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Level of Consciousness at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants for the neurological sign and symptom of level of consciousness and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; somnolence or sedation not interfering with function (not intefering); somnolence or sedation interfering with function, but not activities of daily living (ADLs) (interfering); obtundation or stupor, difficult to arouse, inteferring with ADLs (obtundation or stupor); coma.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Headache at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE], version 3.0) assessed participants for headache and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, Grade (G) 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Dizziness/Lightheadedness at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for dizziness/lightheadedness and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Vertigo at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for vertigo and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Nausea/Vomiting at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for nausea/vomiting and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Visual Problem at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for visual problem and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Seizure at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for seizure and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment for the Neurological Sign and Symptom of Other Neurological Symptoms at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator (per CTCAE, version 3.0) assessed participants for other neurological symptoms and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent, G 1, G 2, G 3, G 4, and G 5. Grade refers to the severity of the AE. The CTCAE displays G 1 through 5 with unique clinical descriptions of severity for each AE based on this general guideline: G 1: mild, asymptomatic or mild symptoms, clinical or diagnostic observations only, intervention not indicated; G 2: moderate, minimal, local or noninvasive intervention indicated, limiting age-appropriate instrumental ADL; G 3: severe or medically significant but not immediately life-threatening, hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization indicated, disabling, limiting self care ADL; G 4: life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention indicated; G 5: death related to AE.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Cranial Nerves II-XII at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of cranial nerves II-XII and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; present, not interfering with ADLs; present, interfering with ADLs; life threatening, disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Language (Dysphasia or Aphasia) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of language (dysphasia or aphasia) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: absent; awareness of receptive or expressive aphasia, not impairing ability to communicate (not impaired); receptive or expressive dysphasia, impairing ability to communicate (impaired); inability to communicate (unable).	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Strength (Right Upper Extremity) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of strength (right upper extremity) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic with weakness on physical examination; Grade 2, symptomatic and interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, symptomatic and interfering with ADLs; Grade 4: bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Strength (Left Upper Extremity) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of strength (left upper extremity) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic with weakness on physical examination; Grade 2, symptomatic and interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, symptomatic and interfering with ADLs; Grade 4: bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Strength (Right Lower Extremity) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of strength (right lower extremity) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic with weakness on physical examination; Grade 2, symptomatic and interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, symptomatic and interfering with ADLs; Grade 4: bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Strength (Left Lower Extremity) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of strength (left lower extremity) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic with weakness on physical examination; Grade 2, symptomatic and interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, symptomatic and interfering with ADLs; Grade 4: bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Sensation at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of sensation and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; loss of deep tendon reflexes or paresthesia, but not interfering with function (not interfering with function); objective sensory loss or paresthesia interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs (interfering with function); sensory loss or paresthesia interfering with ADLs (intefering with ADLs); permanent sensory loss that interferes with function (permanent sensory loss).	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Ataxia (Right Upper Extremity: Finger to Nose Testing) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of ataxia (right upper extremity: finger to nose testing) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic but abnormal on physical examination, and not interfering with function; Grade 2, mild symptoms interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, moderate symptoms interfering with ADLs; Grade 4, bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Ataxia (Left Upper Extremity: Finger to Nose Testing) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of ataxia (left upper extremity: finger to nose testing) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic but abnormal on physical examination, and not interfering with function; Grade 2, mild symptoms interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, moderate symptoms interfering with ADLs; Grade 4, bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Ataxia (Gait) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of ataxia (gait) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic but abnormal on physical examination, and not interfering with function; Grade 2, mild symptoms interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, moderate symptoms interfering with ADLs; Grade 4, bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Investigator Assessment of Ataxia (Balance) at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	The investigator assessed participants' status of ataxia (balance) and assigned each participant to one of the following categories: normal; Grade 1, asymptomatic but abnormal on physical examination, and not interfering with function; Grade 2, mild symptoms interfering with function, but not interfering with ADLs; Grade 3, moderate symptoms interfering with ADLs; Grade 4, bedridden or disabling.	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With Any Adverse Event (AE; Both Serious and Non-serious) or Serious Adverse Event (SAE)	An AE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a patient or clinical investigation subject, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. An SAE is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose: results in death; is life threatening; requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization; results in disability/incapacity; is a congenital anomaly/birth defect. For a list of all SAEs and AEs, see the SAE/AE module of this results summary.	From Randomization until the last clinic visit associated with the study, up until 35 days after the start of the last course of treatment (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Number of Participants With the Indicated Worst-case Change From Baseline in the Indicated Chemistry Parameters With Respect to the Normal Range	The worst-case change from Baseline in chemistry parameters was measured as decrease to low (DTL), change to normal or no change (CTN/NC), or increase to high (ITH). The worst-case change value could have been measured at any point during the on-therapy period. Participants are counted twice if the participant "Decreased to Low" and "Increased to High" during the on-therapy period.	From Randomization until the last clinic visit associated with the study, up until 35 days after the start of the last course of treatment (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Lesion Assessment and Measurement	Lesions were assessed per WHO criteria. For lesion assessment data, see the outcome measure entitled "Number of participants with a complete response (CR) or a partial response (PR) (central nervous system [CNS]-radiologic)."	From the time of Randomization until the time of CR or PR (up to 75 weeks)	No
Secondary	Brain Symptoms	Brain symptoms were assessed as the number of participants with neurological signs and symptoms. For brain symptom data, see the outcome measures entitled "Number of participants with the indicated investigator assessment for the neurological sign and symptom of X at Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3."	Baseline, Month 1, and Month 3	No
Secondary	Number of Participants Who Died or Progressed	Disease-related events were measured as the number of participants who died or progressed. Progressive disease (PD) is defined as an increase >=25% in any measurable lesion or, in participants with non-measurable disease only, an estimation of an increase >=25%. In both cases, determination of progression included the appearance of any new lesions, or signification worsening of conditions presumed to be related to malignancy. Participants with clinical or laboratory evidence of possible disease progression were to be evaluated radiologically. Data were analyzed with censoring for extended loss to follow-up to account for two or more missed assessments before an event. The date of the last adequate CNS assessment before extended loss to follow-up was used for censored participants.	From Randomization until the last clinic visit associated with the study, up until 35 days after the start of the last course of treatment (up to 75 weeks)	No