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Broden C, Sandberg O, Olivecrona H, Emery R, Skoldenberg O Precision of CT-based micromotion analysis is comparable to radiostereometry for early migration measurements in cemented acetabular cups. Acta Orthop. 2021 Aug;92(4):419-423. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2021.1906082. Epub 2021 Apr 6.
Ma R, Wu M, Li Y, Wang J, Yang P, Chen Y, Wang W, Song J, Wang K The use of bone turnover markers for monitoring the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal females undergoing total knee arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study. J Orthop Surg Res. 2021 Mar 17;16(1):195. doi: 10.1186/s13018-021-02343-3.
Nam D, Bhowmik-Stoker M, Mahoney OM, Dunbar MJ, Barrack RL Mid-Term Performance of the First Mass-Produced Three-Dimensional Printed Cementless Tibia in the United States as Reported in the American Joint Replacement Registry. J Arthroplasty. 2023 Jan;38(1):85-89. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2022.07.020. Epub 2022 Aug 5.
Nam D, Lawrie CM, Salih R, Nahhas CR, Barrack RL, Nunley RM Cemented Versus Cementless Total Knee Arthroplasty of the Same Modern Design: A Prospective, Randomized Trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2019 Jul 3;101(13):1185-1192. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.18.01162.
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5 Year Follow-Up of Migration of a Cementless Total Knee Replacement
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
