Intrauterine Growth Restriction — Three-dimensional Umbilical Cord Coiling Index
Citation(s)
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Degani S, Lewinsky RM, Berger H, Spiegel D Sonographic estimation of umbilical coiling index and correlation with Doppler flow characteristics. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Dec;86(6):990-3. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00307-d.
Machin GA, Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness E Abnormal umbilical cord coiling is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2000 Sep-Oct;3(5):462-71. doi: 10.1007/s100240010103.
Rana J, Ebert GA, Kappy KA Adverse perinatal outcome in patients with an abnormal umbilical coiling index. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Apr;85(4):573-7. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00435-G.
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The Effect of Three-dimensional Umbilical Cord Coiling Index on Obstetrical and Neonatal Outcomes: a Prospective Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
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Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
