Immune Defect — Immunological Responses in Bovine vs Mechanical Composite Grafts
Citation(s)
Carrel T, Reineke D, Englberger L Another report on unfavourable long-term outcome following implantation of the Shelhigh No-React™ valved tube graft. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016 Dec;50(6):1179-1180. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezw205. Epub 2016 Jun 14.
Carrel TP, Schoenhoff FS, Schmidli J, Stalder M, Eckstein FS, Englberger L Deleterious outcome of No-React-treated stentless valved conduits after aortic root replacement: why were warnings ignored? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Jul;136(1):52-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2007.09.047. Epub 2008 May 27.
Carrel TP Another disastrous outcome following aortic root replacement with the Shelhigh No-react aortic valved tube. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008 Aug;56(5):314-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1038472.
Schoenhoff FS, Loup O, Gahl B, Banz Y, Pavlovic M, Pfammatter JP, Carrel TP, Kadner A The Contegra bovine jugular vein graft versus the Shelhigh pulmonic porcine graft for reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract: a comparative study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Mar;141(3):654-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.06.068. Epub 2011 Jan 20.
Clinical and Immunological Patterns of Non-infectious Aortic Graft Inflammation in Bovine vs Non-biological Grafts
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
