Positive Pressure at Induction of Anesthesia in Children

Hypoxia Clinical Trial

Official title:

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure During General Anesthesia Induction For Elective Pediatric Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03432390
• Other study ID #: 79591417.0.0000.5201
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: March 6, 2018
• Est. completion date: May 23, 2019

Study information

• Verified date: November 2019
• Source: Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

SCENARIO: Hypoxemia is one of the most common adverse events during the induction of general anesthesia and may culminate with more serious complications such as cardiac arrest and death. Pediatric patients, due to their anatomical and physiological characteristics, are more likely to develop hemoglobin desaturation levels. Some preventive strategies are used during this period to reduce the chances of occurrence of adverse event. Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) may be useful during anesthetic induction in delaying the drop in oxygen levels in the blood by increasing this body gas reserves. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effectiveness of CPAP during anesthetic induction in increasing apnea time until hemoglobin saturation falls to 95% in children undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery. METHODS: Phase III, parallel, randomized clinical trial to be developed at the Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Pernambuco. Patients (72) are divided into two groups (36 in each) in which all patients will spontaneously ventilate: group C will receive CPAP and group A will use the open system. Children of pre-school age with physical status I or II, according to the American Anesthesia Society, candidates for elective surgery under general anesthesia will be included. Patients with pre-existing parenchymal lung disease, cyanotic children or patients with oxyhemoglobin saturation <95% prior to anesthetic induction and recent history (<4 weeks) or active upper respiratory tract infection will be excluded. The descriptive statistical analysis will be carried out through measures of central tendency and dispersion for quantitative variables and via distribution of frequencies for qualitative variables. ETHICAL ASPECTS: This work will respect human rights, principles of bioethics, the resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Council and the statement from Helsinki. Submission and approval by the research ethics committee is required prior to data collection. KEYWORDS: Continuous Positive Airway Pressure, Hypoxia, General Anesthesia

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 72
• Est. completion date: May 23, 2019
• Est. primary completion date: January 17, 2019
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: All
• Age group: 2 Years to 6 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Pre-school children, ASA physical status I or II, Children undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pre-existing parenchymal lung disease, Children cyanotic or with oxyhemoglobin saturation less than 95% before anesthetic induction, Recent history (<4 weeks) or current upper respiratory tract infection

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
• General Anesthesia
• Hypoxia

Intervention

Device:
• Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
A continuous positive airway pressure will be delivered to the patients during the induction of general anesthesia through the anesthesia work station
• Open system ventilation
Facemask ventilation adapted to the anesthesia work station

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Brazil	Hospital das Clínicas de Pernambuco	Recife	Pernambuco

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Instituto Materno Infantil Prof. Fernando Figueira

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Brazil, 

References & Publications (37)

Arhem P, Klement G, Nilsson J. Mechanisms of anesthesia: towards integrating network, cellular, and molecular level modeling. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jul;28 Suppl 1:S40-7. Review. — View Citation

ASA Physical Status Classification System. https://www.asahq.org/resources/clinical-information/asa-physical-status-classification-system. Published 2014

Bharti N, Batra YK, Kaur H. Paediatric perioperative cardiac arrest and its mortality: database of a 60-month period from a tertiary care paediatric centre. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009 Jun;26(6):490-5. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e328323dac0. — View Citation

Boonmak P, Boonmak S, Pattanittum P. High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD006837. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006837.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD006837. — View Citation

Bouroche G, Bourgain JL. Preoxygenation and general anesthesia: a review. Minerva Anestesiol. 2015 Aug;81(8):910-20. Epub 2015 Jun 5. Review. — View Citation

Bratton DJ, Stradling JR, Barbé F, Kohler M. Effect of CPAP on blood pressure in patients with minimally symptomatic obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-analysis using individual patient data from four randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2014 Dec;69(12):1128-35. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204993. Epub 2014 Jun 19. — View Citation

Brown EN, Lydic R, Schiff ND. General anesthesia, sleep, and coma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 30;363(27):2638-50. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0808281. Review. — View Citation

Chiron B, Mas C, Ferrandière M, Bonnard C, Fusciardi J, Mercier C, Laffon M. Standard preoxygenation vs two techniques in children. Paediatr Anaesth. 2007 Oct;17(10):963-7. — View Citation

de Freitas Dantas Gomes EL, Costa D, Germano SM, Borges PV, Sampaio LM. Effects of CPAP on clinical variables and autonomic modulation in children during an asthma attack. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2013 Aug 1;188(1):66-70. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2013.05.004. Epub 2013 May 13. — View Citation

De Jong A, Futier E, Millot A, Coisel Y, Jung B, Chanques G, Baillard C, Jaber S. How to preoxygenate in operative room: healthy subjects and situations "at risk". Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2014 Jul-Aug;33(7-8):457-61. doi: 10.1016/j.annfar.2014.08.001. Epub 2014 Aug 29. Review. — View Citation

Ehsan Z, Mahmoud M, Shott SR, Amin RS, Ishman SL. The effects of anesthesia and opioids on the upper airway: A systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2016 Jan;126(1):270-84. doi: 10.1002/lary.25399. Epub 2015 Jul 21. Review. — View Citation

Faria DA, da Silva EM, Atallah ÁN, Vital FM. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for acute respiratory failure following upper abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Oct 5;(10):CD009134. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009134.pub2. Review. — View Citation

Fiadjoe JE, Nishisaki A, Jagannathan N, Hunyady AI, Greenberg RS, Reynolds PI, Matuszczak ME, Rehman MA, Polaner DM, Szmuk P, Nadkarni VM, McGowan FX Jr, Litman RS, Kovatsis PG. Airway management complications in children with difficult tracheal intubation from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation (PeDI) registry: a prospective cohort analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016 Jan;4(1):37-48. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00508-1. Epub 2015 Dec 17. — View Citation

Gonzalez LP, Braz JR, Módolo MP, de Carvalho LR, Módolo NS, Braz LG. Pediatric perioperative cardiac arrest and mortality: a study from a tertiary teaching hospital. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2014 Nov;15(9):878-84. doi: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000000248. — View Citation

Gonzalez LP, Pignaton W, Kusano PS, Módolo NS, Braz JR, Braz LG. Anesthesia-related mortality in pediatric patients: a systematic review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(4):381-7. Review. — View Citation

Harbut P, Gozdzik W, Stjernfält E, Marsk R, Hesselvik JF. Continuous positive airway pressure/pressure support pre-oxygenation of morbidly obese patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2014 Jul;58(6):675-80. doi: 10.1111/aas.12317. Epub 2014 Apr 16. — View Citation

Harless J, Ramaiah R, Bhananker SM. Pediatric airway management. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2014 Jan;4(1):65-70. doi: 10.4103/2229-5151.128015. — View Citation

Hedenstierna G, Edmark L. Effects of anesthesia on the respiratory system. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2015 Sep;29(3):273-84. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2015.08.008. Epub 2015 Sep 18. Review. — View Citation

Humphreys S, Lee-Archer P, Reyne G, Long D, Williams T, Schibler A. Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) in children: a randomized controlled trial. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Feb;118(2):232-238. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew401. — View Citation

Iftikhar IH, Khan MF, Das A, Magalang UJ. Meta-analysis: continuous positive airway pressure improves insulin resistance in patients with sleep apnea without diabetes. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Apr;10(2):115-20. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201209-081OC. Review. Erratum in: Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2013 Jun;10(3):279. — View Citation

Jat KR, Mathew JL. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute bronchiolitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 7;1:CD010473. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010473.pub2. Review. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 31;1:CD010473. — View Citation

Jubran A. Pulse oximetry. Crit Care. 2015 Jul 16;19:272. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-0984-8. Review. — View Citation

Long E, Sabato S, Babl FE. Endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014 Dec;24(12):1204-11. doi: 10.1111/pan.12490. Epub 2014 Jul 15. — View Citation

Nimmagadda U, Salem MR, Crystal GJ. Preoxygenation: Physiologic Basis, Benefits, and Potential Risks. Anesth Analg. 2017 Feb;124(2):507-517. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001589. Review. — View Citation

Park JH, Kim JY, Lee JM, Kim YH, Jeong HW, Kil HK. Manual vs. pressure-controlled facemask ventilation for anaesthetic induction in paralysed children: a randomised controlled trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Sep;60(8):1075-83. doi: 10.1111/aas.12737. Epub 2016 Apr 24. — View Citation

Pitrez PM, Pitrez JL. [Acute upper respiratory tract infections: outpatient diagnosis and treatment]. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2003 May;79 Suppl 1:S77-86. Review. Portuguese. — View Citation

Pradhapan P, Swaminathan M, Salila Vijayalal Mohan HK, Sriraam N. Identification of apnea during respiratory monitoring using support vector machine classifier: a pilot study. J Clin Monit Comput. 2013 Apr;27(2):179-85. doi: 10.1007/s10877-012-9411-8. Epub 2012 Nov 21. — View Citation

Roy WL, Lerman J. Laryngospasm in paediatric anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1988 Jan;35(1):93-8. Review. — View Citation

Saklad M. Grading of patients for surgical procedures. Anesthesiology. 1941;2(3):281-284

Simon BA, Kaczka DW, Bankier AA, Parraga G. What can computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging tell us about ventilation? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Aug 15;113(4):647-57. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00353.2012. Epub 2012 May 31. Review. — View Citation

Sinha IP, McBride AKS, Smith R, Fernandes RM. CPAP and High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen in Bronchiolitis. Chest. 2015 Sep;148(3):810-823. doi: 10.1378/chest.14-1589. Review. — View Citation

Squadrone V, Coha M, Cerutti E, Schellino MM, Biolino P, Occella P, Belloni G, Vilianis G, Fiore G, Cavallo F, Ranieri VM; Piedmont Intensive Care Units Network (PICUN). Continuous positive airway pressure for treatment of postoperative hypoxemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Feb 2;293(5):589-95. — View Citation

Sreejit MS, Ramkumar V. Effect of positive airway pressure during pre-oxygenation and induction of anaesthesia upon safe duration of apnoea. Indian J Anaesth. 2015 Apr;59(4):216-21. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.154998. — View Citation

von Ungern-Sternberg BS, Boda K, Chambers NA, Rebmann C, Johnson C, Sly PD, Habre W. Risk assessment for respiratory complications in paediatric anaesthesia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2010 Sep 4;376(9743):773-83. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61193-2. — View Citation

Wang J, Yu W, Gao M, Zhang F, Li Q, Gu C, Yu Y, Wei Y. Continuous positive airway pressure treatment reduces cardiovascular death and non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A meta-analysis of 11 studies. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Jul 15;191:128-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.003. Epub 2015 May 5. — View Citation

Wilson PT, Morris MC, Biagas KV, Otupiri E, Moresky RT. A randomized clinical trial evaluating nasal continuous positive airway pressure for acute respiratory distress in a developing country. J Pediatr. 2013 May;162(5):988-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.022. Epub 2012 Nov 16. — View Citation

Windpassinger M, Plattner O, Gemeiner J, Röder G, Baumann A, Zimmerman NM, Sessler DI. Pharyngeal Oxygen Insufflation During AirTraq Laryngoscopy Slows Arterial Desaturation in Infants and Small Children. Anesth Analg. 2016 Apr;122(4):1153-7. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001189. — View Citation

* Note: There are 37 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Time Between Onset of Apnea and the Drop in 95% Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Levels	In children undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery who will undergo CPAP or standard circular circuit ventilation during anesthesia induction, compare the time between onset of apnea and the drop in 95% oxyhemoglobin saturation between the groups	During induction of general anesthesia (up to five minutes after beginning of apnea)
Secondary	Time to Recovery of Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Levels in Pre-apnea Pulse Oximetry	In children undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery who will undergo CPAP or standard circular circuit ventilation during anesthesia induction, compare: The time to recovery of oxyhemoglobin saturation levels in pre-apnea pulse oximetry between groups	During induction of general anesthesia (up to five minutes after beginning of apnea)
Secondary	Number of Participants That Experienced Complications While Undergoing General Anesthesia	In children undergoing general anesthesia for elective surgery who will undergo CPAP or standard circular circuit ventilation during anesthesia induction, compare: The frequency of complications (laryngospasm, hypoxemia, bradycardia, cardiorespiratory arrest, death) between the groups	During induction of general anesthesia (up to five minutes after beginning of apnea)