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Carrasquillo O, Lebron C, Alonzo Y, Li H, Chang A, Kenya S Effect of a Community Health Worker Intervention Among Latinos With Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: The Miami Healthy Heart Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jul 1;177(7):948-954. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0926.
Desveaux L, McBrien K, Barnieh L, Ivers NM Mapping variation in intervention design: a systematic review to develop a program theory for patient navigator programs. Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 8;8(1):8. doi: 10.1186/s13643-018-0920-5.
Enard KR, Ganelin DM Reducing preventable emergency department utilization and costs by using community health workers as patient navigators. J Healthc Manag. 2013 Nov-Dec;58(6):412-27; discussion 428.
Herman D, Conover S, Felix A, Nakagawa A, Mills D Critical Time Intervention: an empirically supported model for preventing homelessness in high risk groups. J Prim Prev. 2007 Jul;28(3-4):295-312. doi: 10.1007/s10935-007-0099-3. Epub 2007 Jun 1.
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Kangovi S, Mitra N, Grande D, Huo H, Smith RA, Long JA Community Health Worker Support for Disadvantaged Patients With Multiple Chronic Diseases: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Am J Public Health. 2017 Oct;107(10):1660-1667. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2017.303985. Epub 2017 Aug 17.
Kim K, Choi JS, Choi E, Nieman CL, Joo JH, Lin FR, Gitlin LN, Han HR Effects of Community-Based Health Worker Interventions to Improve Chronic Disease Management and Care Among Vulnerable Populations: A Systematic Review. Am J Public Health. 2016 Apr;106(4):e3-e28. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302987. Epub 2016 Feb 18.
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Morgan AU, Grande DT, Carter T, Long JA, Kangovi S Penn Center for Community Health Workers: Step-by-Step Approach to Sustain an Evidence-Based Community Health Worker Intervention at an Academic Medical Center. Am J Public Health. 2016 Nov;106(11):1958-1960. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303366. Epub 2016 Sep 15.
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Shommu NS, Ahmed S, Rumana N, Barron GR, McBrien KA, Turin TC What is the scope of improving immigrant and ethnic minority healthcare using community navigators: A systematic scoping review. Int J Equity Health. 2016 Jan 15;15:6. doi: 10.1186/s12939-016-0298-8.
Walkinshaw E Patient navigators becoming the norm in Canada. CMAJ. 2011 Oct 18;183(15):E1109-10. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.109-3974. Epub 2011 Sep 19. No abstract available.
Enhancing Community Health Through Patient Navigation, Advocacy and Social Support (ENCOMPASS): Expansion Study C, A Randomized Controlled Trial With Waitlist Control
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
