A Study Of Nutraceutical Drinks For Cholesterol (Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability)

Hyperlipidemia Clinical Trial

Official title:

A Multicenter Study Of Nutraceutical Drinks For Cholesterol (Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT01152073
• Other study ID #: 2009.35
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: June 25, 2010
• Last updated: March 15, 2012
• Start date: October 2009
• Est. completion date: September 2010

Study information

• Verified date: March 2012
• Source: Healthy Drink Discoveries, Inc.
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: United States: Institutional Review Board
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Great controversy exists about the feasibility and safety of a product that can be employed for self-directed cholesterol reduction. The position that self-directed cholesterol lowering could lead those that do not need lower cholesterol to take the product is likely unfounded. This is because there is no convincing evidence to suggest that there are cholesterol levels so low that a lower one would not be beneficial or conversely be dangerous. Ample evidence exists that cholesterol causes cardiovascular disease and that lower cholesterol places individuals and populations at lower risk. Because of the high cost, insurance concerns and suboptimal access to physician care, a self-directed, effective and safe approach to cholesterol maintenance or reduction would be very desirable. Drug therapy also has been associated with suboptimal results. Though a new concept that addresses cholesterol by several mechanisms simultaneously has been shown to be more consistently effective and with better tolerability, there is still a need for a self-directed cholesterol optimizing alternative. It is, therefore, our intent in this study to evaluate certain foods, specifically nutraceutical containing fruit flavored drinks in the hopes that they can be proven a safe and effective alternative approach for cholesterol management.

Description:

Cholesterol is the principle component of cardiovascular disease. It deposits in the walls of blood vessels and contributes to both chronic vascular insufficiency manifested as claudication, ischemic ulceration, or angina, and acute vascular insufficiency presenting as heart attack, stroke or sudden death.

Coronary heart disease is the number one killer worldwide. Approximately 50% of males and one-third of females will develop a coronary heart disease related acute event in their lifetime. The cost of coronary heart disease is staggering. In the United States alone, over $120 billion is spent annually in direct and indirect costs attributed to this killer (10).

The Framingham Heart Study has shown that coronary heart disease incidence rises proportionately to serum cholesterol (1). More importantly, numerous studies demonstrate a reduction in coronary heart disease related events with falling cholesterol levels on treatment (18).

There are four classes of commonly used cholesterol lowering drugs:

1. statins

2. fibric acid derivates

3. niacin

4. bile acid sequestrants.

Of these, the most widely used are the statins. Statins produce potent LDL lowering, reduce cardiovascular events, and are relatively safe. However, despite their proven effectiveness and relative safety, even statins have their limitations. First, as many as 30% of people who take statins develop myalgias. Second, many drug interactions exist. Third, most of the LDL lowering is seen with the lowest dose, making up-titration of limited value (3) (20). With fibrates, niacin, and bile acid sequestrants, tolerability is even more problematic with titration, and end point data somewhat weaker than with statins, especially for monotherapy (4)(7)(14)(17).

Beyond the efficacy and safety limitations of the selected drug, there are socioeconomic barriers to effective cholesterol lowering. Although people are cognizant of the importance of cholesterol reduction, many evade the doctor/patient relationship at all cost. Others do not like, forget to take, or have difficulty swallowing pills. Some do not have access to health care, drug plans, or lack the financial means to afford pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, high cholesterol represents a label that might adversely affect one's ability to procure inexpensive life and health insurance. Therefore, there is a need for alternative cholesterol lowering approaches that circumvent these limitations.

In devising these approaches, it is crucial to incorporate a relatively new concept in cholesterol lowering and/or maintenance. Recently, it has become apparent that targeting a single mechanism, either of absorption or endogenous production of cholesterol, may augment the other potentially compensatory mechanism, thus decreasing the effectiveness of any type of monotherapy. Hence, raising the dose of any one medication may enhance toxicity out of proportion to any gain in efficacy. To be effective without substantial toxicity, several medications or active ingredients that lower cholesterol via different mechanisms should be employed simultaneously. The rationale for this application has been tested and proven for combination statin/niacin therapy (12) (15) (22) and also combination statin/phytosterol therapy (16). In each case, the reduction from combination therapy is greater than that expected from the sum reductions of the constituents, thereby, allowing for lower doses of drugs and lower toxicity compared to single drug therapy (21).

There are several non-pharmaceutical products available to the public that have cholesterol lowering properties; L-carnitine and vitamin C are two such examples, and these substances are thought completely safe at the low dose ranges shown effective for cholesterol lowering. L-carnitine facilitates fatty acid transfer and intracellular mitochondrial metabolism, removing cholesterol from the blood and thereby reducing serum cholesterol. Though side effects are very rare and dose related, lowering of seizure threshold in patients with a history of seizures has been reported (5) (8). Vitamin C has statin-like HMG-coA reductase inhibitory activity, but unlike statins, lowers cholesterol without raising LPa or depleting Co-enzyme Q-10 (two counterproductive effects of statins). Vitamin C has been shown completely safe to a dosage of 3 grams per day (9).

Co-Q-10 has been demonstrated to mitigate the side effects of statins (myalgias) and its depletion may reduce cardiac muscle function. Side effects of Co-Q-10 are rare and usually involve skin irritation so minor GI side effects (19).

Red Yeast Rice is a Chinese dietary supplement available as a flavoring and coloring agent for centuries. It is known to contain at least nine different statins as well as phytosterols. Thus, it decreases both the body's synthesis of cholesterol and its absorption. Though the form augmented for Lovastatin content is illegal in the United States, the naturally fermented product is available legally at health food stores to promote favorable cholesterol levels. The red coloration may also stimulate appetite and hence compliance with food or dietary supplements that contain it. Though Red Yeast Rice is, in general, well-tolerated, headache, GI side effects, muscle pain or weakness, liver abnormalities and dizziness have rarely been reported. The psychological benefit of enhanced compliance through the red coloration of Red Yeast Rice may be further augmented by L-carnitine, which has been shown to stimulate a mild sense of euphoria (2) (11).

Niacin is a B vitamin that lowers LDL and triglycerides and raises HDL, in part, by decreasing the hepatic release of lipoproteins that bind cholesterol. Though comparatively high doses of niacin are often needed to lower LDL, the beneficial effects on HDL have been realized on very low doses. Though greater than 2 grams, predominantly of the long-acting niacin formulation, have been associated with side effects including flushing, GI side effects, hyperglycemia, gout, abnormal liver function and myopathy. Very low doses of niacin are very well-tolerated (22).

Phytosterols are natural plant products that lower cholesterol by competing with cholesterol for absorption in the intestine (13). The data in support for cholesterol reduction and cardiovascular health improvement is so strong that the FDA allows products that contain sufficient quantities of phytosterols to make special claims concerning cardiovascular benefits (6). Very well-tolerated, up to 3 grams per day, is thought to be essentially devoid of side effects (13).

An ideal cholesterol lowering product would be proven effective, and with minimal side effects. It would not require one to take pills, and would preferably be in liquid form as a suspension or soluble drink. It would contain multiple active ingredients that would work by different mechanisms at different sites to allow a lower side effect profile with synergistic efficacy.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 79
• Est. completion date: September 2010
• Est. primary completion date: September 2010
• Accepts healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 20 Years to 80 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

All subjects will need to be on their usual diet and

1. Not have been on any cholesterol lowering medications for at least two months or eight weeks prior to randomization. The subjects will also need to be off of all dietary supplements or vitamins containing any of the constituents in any of the formulations for the same time period.

2. Any baseline cholesterol measurement will be acceptable since there is no convincing evidence of low cholesterol below which a clinical benefit is thought not to occur, nor cellular function compromised,.

3. Males 20 to 80 years of age will be acceptable.

4. Post menopausal females 55 to 80 years of age.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Prior myocardial infarction clinically or by EKG criteria including left bundle branch block.

2. History of angina.

3. History of abnormal stress test consistent with ischemia or myocardial infarction.

4. Diabetes (because of the generally accepted significant association with previously undiagnosed coronary artery disease).

5. Peripheral vascular disease (because of the generally accepted significant association with previously undiagnosed coronary artery disease).

6. History of prior allergy or sensitivity to any component of any formulation.

7. Those taking medications of the following types or closely related medications:

1. cyclosporins

2. fibrates

3. Azole antifungals

4. macrolide antibiotics

5. anti-arrhythmic medications

6. Nefazodin

7. protease inhibitors

8. Coumadin

9. Seizure medication

8. Pre-randomization CPK greater than the upper limits of normal.

9. History of hepatitis or unexplained elevation of transaminase LFTs.

10. History of musculoskeletal condition with weakness or pain, i.e., arthritis, myositis, myalgia, fibromyalgia or PMR.

11. Active cancer or vasculitis on therapy.

12. Inability to provide informed consent.

13. Premenopausal women, women who are pregnant, may become pregnant or nursing mothers will be excluded because of the unknown effects of nutraceuticals on the fetus or newborn.

14. Any travel plans by the subject that would affect compliance with the study protocol.

15. History of a seizure disorder.

16. End stage renal disease (or renal failure).

17. Any subject who the investigator determines that discontinuing current cholesterol lowering treatment for the 16 weeks (8 weeks each for a wash out and study participation) of the study would not be safe or otherwise in the best interest of the subject.

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Double Blind (Subject, Caregiver, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Hyperlipidemia
• Hyperlipidemias

Intervention

Dietary Supplement:
• Placebo
Each subject will be expected to consume a twice daily drink of approximately 4 ounces per serving taken with the morning and evening meals for a total of 8 weeks. Each bottle will contain two servings.
• Second Formulation
Each subject will be expected to consume a twice daily drink of approximately 4 ounces per serving taken with the morning and evening meals for a total of 8 weeks. Each bottle will contain two servings.
• Third Formulation
Each subject will be expected to consume a twice daily drink of approximately 4 ounces per serving taken with the morning and evening meals for a total of 8 weeks. Each bottle will contain two servings.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Mitchell Karl, M.D. -- Cardiology	Boca Raton	Florida

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Healthy Drink Discoveries, Inc.

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (25)

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Baens-Arcega, L., Ardischer, AG et al. Indigenous Amino Acid/Peptide Sauces and Pastes with Meat-Like Flavors, Chinese Soy Sauces, Japanese, Shoyu, Japanese Miso, Southeast Asian Fish Sauces and Pastes and Related Fermented Foods in: Steinkraus, ED Handbook of Indigenous Fermented Food, 2nd edition, New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1986. Pg 625-633.

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Diaz, et al, L-Carnitine Induced Modulation of Plasma Fatty Acid Metabolism, Rev Electron J. BioMed 2006; 1:33.

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Insull W Jr, McGovern ME, Schrott H, Thompson P, Crouse JR, Zieve F, Corbelli J. Efficacy of extended-release niacin with lovastatin for hypercholesterolemia: assessing all reasonable doses with innovative surface graph analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1121-7. — View Citation

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McKenney JM, Jones PH, Bays HE, Knopp RH, Kashyap ML, Ruoff GE, McGovern ME. Comparative effects on lipid levels of combination therapy with a statin and extended-release niacin or ezetimibe versus a statin alone (the COMPELL study). Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jun;192(2):432-7. Epub 2007 Jan 19. — View Citation

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* Note: There are 25 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	LDL Reduction	The primary end point will be relative LDL and total cholesterol reductions, i.e., the placebo subtracted reduction in these parameters.	8 weeks	No
Secondary	HDL change from control formulation	Secondary end points will include change from the control formulation with regard to HDL.	8 weeks	No
Secondary	CRP change from control formulation	Secondary end points will include change from the control formulation with regard to CRP.	8 weeks	No
Secondary	Triglyceride reduction from control formulation	Secondary end points will include change from the control formulation with regard to triglyceride levels.	8 weeks	No