Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates

Hemodynamic Instability Clinical Trial

Official title:

A Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of Early Caffeine in Preterm Neonates

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Active, not recruiting

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT03086473
• Other study ID #: HS-15-00899
• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Phase: Phase 4
• Start date: February 1, 2017
• Est. completion date: July 2022

Study information

• Verified date: July 2021
• Source: Children's Hospital Los Angeles
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

This is a clinical trial which will investigate whether administration of caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, to preterm babies soon after birth can prevent the need for a breathing tube, or intubation. Many preterm babies who require intubation are intubated soon after birth, often within the first few hours. If caffeine is given early enough and is sufficient to stimulate effective breathing, perhaps these babies may not require intubation. Additionally, caffeine may improve blood flow in preterm babies when given soon after birth. Approximately half of babies in this study will receive caffeine within two hours after birth, and half will receive caffeine 12 hours after birth. The hypothesis is that preterm babies who receive caffeine within 2 hours after birth will have a lower incidence of intubation than preterm babies who receive caffeine 12 hours after birth. The main secondary hypothesis is that caffeine given soon after birth will enhance blood flow in preterm babies.

Description:

Caffeine is routinely administered to extremely preterm neonates as a respiratory stimulant to prevent or treat apnea of prematurity, or prolonged pauses in breathing in preterm babies. Caffeine, a methylxanthine, is an adenosine receptor antagonist that has the effects of relaxing smooth muscle in the airways, stimulating the central nervous system and cardiac muscle, and acting as a diuretic. The mode of action in apnea of prematurity could be from several mechanisms, including stimulation of respiratory drive, enhancement of minute ventilation, increased response to hypercapnia, increase in skeletal muscle tone, and decrease in diaphragmatic fatigue.

The timing of caffeine administration is highly variable, ranging from the first hours of life to several days after birth. In the Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity (CAP) trial, in which the average day of initial caffeine dose was 3 days of life, the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) was significantly reduced in the caffeine group compared to the placebo group (47% vs 36%, p<0.001). Neonates in the caffeine group also had fewer days of mechanical ventilation and oxygen exposure, both of which are known risk factors in the development of BPD. Further studies have demonstrated greater benefit of caffeine given in the first 2-3 days of life versus later. These studies suggest that caffeine administered earlier in life may be beneficial in terms of respiratory outcomes. However, the effects of caffeine administered shortly after birth are unknown and need to be studied with a randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

The investigators postulate that by giving caffeine as soon as possible after birth, intrinsic respiratory function will be supported sufficiently to avoid intubation altogether, thus eliminating a major risk factor for BPD. Intravenous caffeine reaches therapeutic level almost immediately, typically within thirty minutes of administration. However, the majority of infants who require invasive ventilation are intubated within the first few hours of life, usually before the infant has received caffeine. Additionally, many centers utilize minimally invasive administration of surfactant, a medication that helps keep lungs open by lowering surface tension, to treat respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn in attempt to avoid intubation, as preterm neonates who do not require immediate intubation and instead receive non-invasive continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) at birth have decreased risk of BPD. These techniques require spontaneous, effective breathing, and early caffeine administration may aid in this process. This study aims to deliver caffeine to preterm infants immediately after birth to determine whether intubation can be avoided.

While the primary outcome of this study is aimed at reducing intubation rates and thus affecting rates of BPD, beneficial cardiovascular effects may also be noted. The incidence of hypotension in preterm infants <28 weeks is as high as 78%.This study will also be using non-invasive technologies to continuously monitor hemodynamic parameters including cardiac function, output, blood flow, oxygenation to the brain surrounding the administration of caffeine. Very early caffeine therapy may improve cardiovascular function in this early transitional period, potentially decreasing the risk of devastating complications of prematurity such as intraventricular hemorrhage.

This is a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial which will investigate whether administration of caffeine to preterm neonates (<32 weeks' gestation) within the first 2 hours of life compared to 12 hours of life will decrease the rate of intubation during the first 12 hours of life. This study will also investigate whether caffeine administration to preterm neonates (<32 weeks' gestation) increases cardiac output. A total of 88 infants will be included in this study, randomized to two study arms. One arm will receive intravenous caffeine citrate within 2 hours of life and placebo (normal saline) at 12 hours of life, and the other arm will receive placebo within 2 hours of life and caffeine citrate at 12 hours of life. Therefore, all participants will receive caffeine by 12 hours of life, and the only variable is the timing of caffeine.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Active, not recruiting
• Enrollment: 24
• Est. completion date: July 2022
• Est. primary completion date: January 2022
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: N/A to 1 Day

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Neonates <32 weeks' gestational age born at LAC+USC Medical Center, Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center, or other sites affiliated with USC or CHLA will be considered for enrollment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Exclusions are major congenital anomalies, major cardiac defects (other than patent ductus arteriosus, patent foramen ovale, small atrial septal defect, and small ventricular septal defect), and intubation in the delivery room

• If intravenous access is not obtained within the first 2 hours of life (either through peripheral IV or central venous catheter), then the neonate will no longer be eligible for the study.

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Apnea of Prematurity
• BPD - Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
• Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
• Hemodynamic Instability
• Intubation

Intervention

Drug:
• Caffeine Citrate
The intervention in this study is timing of the initial caffeine dose. In the Caffeine arm, participants will receive Caffeine Citrate 20mg/kg IV (volume dose 1ml/kg) within 2 hours of life, and Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl) 1ml/kg IV at 12 hours of life.
• Placebo (Normal Saline)
The intervention in this study is timing of the initial caffeine dose. In the Placebo arm, participants will receive Normal Saline (0.9%NaCl) 1ml/kg IV within 2 hours of life, and Caffeine Citrate 20mg/kg IV (volume dose 1ml/kg) at 12 hours of life.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
United States	Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center	Los Angeles	California
United States	LAC+USC Medical Center	Los Angeles	California

Sponsors (2)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Jennifer Shepherd	The Gerber Foundation

Country where clinical trial is conducted

United States, 

References & Publications (28)

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Lodha A, Seshia M, McMillan DD, Barrington K, Yang J, Lee SK, Shah PS; Canadian Neonatal Network. Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates. JAMA Pediatr. 2015 Jan;169(1):33-8. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2223. — View Citation

Logan JW, O'Shea TM, Allred EN, Laughon MM, Bose CL, Dammann O, Batton DG, Engelke SC, Leviton A; ELGAN Study Investigators. Early postnatal hypotension and developmental delay at 24 months of age among extremely low gestational age newborns. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2011 Sep;96(5):F321-8. doi: 10.1136/adc.2010.183335. Epub 2010 Dec 7. — View Citation

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Patel RM, Leong T, Carlton DP, Vyas-Read S. Early caffeine therapy and clinical outcomes in extremely preterm infants. J Perinatol. 2013 Feb;33(2):134-40. doi: 10.1038/jp.2012.52. Epub 2012 Apr 26. — View Citation

Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, Doyle LW, Barrington KJ, Ohlsson A, Solimano A, Tin W; Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Trial Group. Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2006 May 18;354(20):2112-21. — View Citation

Schmidt B, Roberts RS, Davis P, Doyle LW, Barrington KJ, Ohlsson A, Solimano A, Tin W; Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity Trial Group. Long-term effects of caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 8;357(19):1893-902. — View Citation

Sheth RD. Trends in incidence and severity of intraventricular hemorrhage. J Child Neurol. 1998 Jun;13(6):261-4. — View Citation

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Soloveychik V, Bin-Nun A, Ionchev A, Sriram S, Meadow W. Acute hemodynamic effects of caffeine administration in premature infants. J Perinatol. 2009 Mar;29(3):205-8. doi: 10.1038/jp.2008.193. Epub 2008 Dec 4. — View Citation

SUPPORT Study Group of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD Neonatal Research Network, Finer NN, Carlo WA, Walsh MC, Rich W, Gantz MG, Laptook AR, Yoder BA, Faix RG, Das A, Poole WK, Donovan EF, Newman NS, Ambalavanan N, Frantz ID 3rd, Buchter S, Sánchez PJ, Kennedy KA, Laroia N, Poindexter BB, Cotten CM, Van Meurs KP, Duara S, Narendran V, Sood BG, O'Shea TM, Bell EF, Bhandari V, Watterberg KL, Higgins RD. Early CPAP versus surfactant in extremely preterm infants. N Engl J Med. 2010 May 27;362(21):1970-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0911783. Epub 2010 May 16. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010 Jun 10;362(23):2235. — View Citation

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* Note: There are 28 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Primary	Intubation	Need for endotracheal intubation within the first 12 hours of life.	Within 12 hours of life
Secondary	Cardiac output	Changes in cardiac output after administration of caffeine.	Prior to and 1 hour after receipt of caffeine/placebo at 2 hours of life and 12 hours of life