Heart Failure — Identifying Targets of Maladaptive Metabolic Responses in Heart Failure
Citation(s)
Blahos J, Mertl L, Gregor O, Kotas J, Reisenauer R [Stimulating effect of hypercalcaemia on basal gastric secretion (author's transl)]. Cas Lek Cesk. 1974 Aug 2;113(31):944-7. No abstract available. Czech.
Braunwald E Heart failure. JACC Heart Fail. 2013 Feb;1(1):1-20. doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2012.10.002. Epub 2013 Feb 4.
Bucci E, Mignogna MD [Diagnosis and prevention of stress in dental patients]. Dent Cadmos. 1986 May 31;54(9):77-8, 80, 82. No abstract available. Italian.
Collins S A heart-adipose tissue connection in the regulation of energy metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 Mar;10(3):157-63. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.234. Epub 2013 Dec 3.
Franklyn JA The molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988 Nov;2(4):891-909. doi: 10.1016/s0950-351x(88)80023-5. No abstract available.
Grosjean O, Bluemenstock D [Pulmonary and renal transplantations in the dog treated by single and later repeated neonatal injections of bone marrow]. C R Seances Soc Biol Fil. 1967 Sep;161(3):733-7. No abstract available. French.
Heath DF Subcellular aspects of the response to trauma. Br Med Bull. 1985 Jul;41(3):240-5. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072057. No abstract available.
Ingwall JS, Weiss RG Is the failing heart energy starved? On using chemical energy to support cardiac function. Circ Res. 2004 Jul 23;95(2):135-45. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000137170.41939.d9.
Kovacova Z, Tharp WG, Liu D, Wei W, Xie H, Collins S, Pratley RE Adipose tissue natriuretic peptide receptor expression is related to insulin sensitivity in obesity and diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Apr;24(4):820-8. doi: 10.1002/oby.21418. Epub 2016 Feb 17.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
