Chen Y, Chen L, Wang Y, Wolpaw JR, Chen XY Persistent beneficial impact of H-reflex conditioning in spinal cord-injured rats. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Nov 15;112(10):2374-81. doi: 10.1152/jn.00422.2014. Epub 2014 Aug 20.
Majid DS, Lewis C, Aron AR Training voluntary motor suppression with real-time feedback of motor evoked potentials. J Neurophysiol. 2015 May 1;113(9):3446-52. doi: 10.1152/jn.00992.2014. Epub 2015 Mar 4.
Makihara Y, Segal RL, Wolpaw JR, Thompson AK Operant conditioning of the soleus H-reflex does not induce long-term changes in the gastrocnemius H-reflexes and does not disturb normal locomotion in humans. J Neurophysiol. 2014 Sep 15;112(6):1439-46. doi: 10.1152/jn.00225.2014. Epub 2014 Jun 18.
Thompson AK, Chen XY, Wolpaw JR Acquisition of a simple motor skill: task-dependent adaptation plus long-term change in the human soleus H-reflex. J Neurosci. 2009 May 6;29(18):5784-92. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4326-08.2009.
Thompson AK, Pomerantz FR, Wolpaw JR Operant conditioning of a spinal reflex can improve locomotion after spinal cord injury in humans. J Neurosci. 2013 Feb 6;33(6):2365-75. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3968-12.2013.
Operant Conditioning of Spinal Reflexes and Motor Evoked Potentials
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
