Flexible Flatfoot — Effect of Foot Muscles Training and Foot Orthosis on the Medial Arch in Flatfoot Subjects
Citation(s)
Abdel-Fattah, M M., Hassanin, M.M., Felembane, F.A., Nassaane, M.T., 2006. Flat foot among Saudi Arabian army recruits: prevalence and risk factors. East. Mediterr. Health J. Rev. Sante Mediterr. Orient. Al-Majallah Al-Sihhiyah Li-Sharq Al-Mutawassit 12, 211-217. Abousayed, M.M., Tartaglione, J.P., Rosenbaum, A.J., Dipreta, J.A., 2016. Classifications in Brief: Johnson and Strom Classification of Adult-acquired Flatfoot Deformity. Clin. Orthop. 474, 588-593. Aenumulapalli, A., Kulkarni, M.M., Gandotra, A.R., 2017. Prevalence of Flexible Flat Foot in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. JCDR 11, AC17-AC20. Allen, M.K., Glasoe, W.M., 2000. Metrecom Measurement of Navicular Drop in Subjects with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J. Athl. Train. 35, 403-406. Alnahdi, A.H., Alrashid, G.I., Alkhaldi, H.A., Aldali, A.Z., 2016. Cross-cultural adaptation, validity and reliability of the Arabic version of the Lower Extremity Functional Scale. Disabil. Rehabil. 38, 897-904. Aminian, G., Safaeepour, Z., Farhoodi, M., Pezeshk, A.F., Saeedi, H., Majddoleslam, B., 2013. The effect of prefabricated and proprioceptive foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in patients with flexible flatfoot during walking. Prosthet. Orthot. Int. 37, 227-232. Banwell, H.A., Mackintosh, S., Thewlis, D., 2014. Foot orthoses for adults with flexible pes planus: a systematic review. J. Foot Ankle Res. 7, 23. Buldt, A.K., Forghany, S., Landorf, K.B., Levinger, P., Murley, G.S., Menz, H.B., 2018. Foot posture is associated with plantar pressure during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet. Gait Posture 62, 235-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.005 Carr, J.B., Yang, S., Lather, L.A., 2016. Pediatric Pes Planus: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pediatrics 137, e20151230. Chen, Y.-C., Lou, S.-Z., Huang, C.-Y., Su, F.-C., 2010. Effects of foot orthoses on gait patterns of flat feet patients. Clin. Biomech. Bristol Avon 25, 265-270. Cheng, Y., Yang, H., Ni, L., Song, D., Zhang, H., 2015. Stress fracture of the distal fibula in flatfoot patients: case report. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med. 8, 6303-6307. Chuter, V., Spink, M., Searle, A., Ho, A., 2014. The effectiveness of shoe insoles for the prevention and treatment of low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 15, 140. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-140 Daniels, T.R., Lau, J.T., Hearn, T.C., 1998. The effects of foot position and load on tibial nerve tension. Foot Ankle Int. 19, 73-78. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079801900204 Dars, S., Uden, H., Kumar, S., Banwell, H.A., 2018. When, why and how foot orthoses (FOs) should be prescribed for children with flexible pes planus: a Delphi survey of podiatrists. PeerJ 6, e4667. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4667 Giacomozzi, C., 2010. Appropriateness of plantar pressure measurement devices: A comparative technical assessment. Gait Posture 32, 141-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.03.014 Hafer, J.F., Lenhoff, M.W., Song, J., Jordan, J.M., Hannan, M.T., Hillstrom, H.J., 2013. Reliability of plantar pressure platforms. Gait Posture 38, 544-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.028 Hatfield, G.L., Cochrane, C.K., Takacs, J., Krowchuk, N.M., Chang, R., Hinman, R.S., Hunt, M.A., 2016. Knee and ankle biomechanics with lateral wedges with and without a custom arch support in those with medial knee osteoarthritis and flat feet. J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc. 34, 1597-1605. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23174 Hegedus, E.J., Cook, C., Fiander, C., Wright, A., 2010. Measures of arch height and their relationship to pain and dysfunction in people with lower limb impairments. Physiother. Res. Int. 15, 160-166. https://doi.org/10.1002/pri.459 Hsieh, R.-L., Peng, H.-L., Lee, W.-C., 2018. Short-term effects of customized arch support insoles on symptomatic flexible flatfoot in children: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 97, e10655. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010655 Huang, Y.-C., Wang, L.-Y., Wang, H.-C., Chang, K.-L., Leong, C.-P., 2004. The relationship between the flexible flatfoot and plantar fasciitis: ultrasonographic evaluation. Chang Gung Med. J. 27, 443-448. Imhauser, C.W., Abidi, N.A., Frankel, D.Z., Gavin, K., Siegler, S., 2002. Biomechanical evaluation of the efficacy of external stabilizers in the conservative treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Int. 23, 727-737.
Effect of Intrinsic Foot Muscles Training and Foot Orthosis on the Medial Longitudinal Arch in Flexible Flatfoot Subjects
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.