Exercise — The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Physical Exercise and Performance
Citation(s)
Ekenros L, Backstrom T, Hirschberg AL, Friden C Changes in premenstrual symptoms in women starting or discontinuing use of oral contraceptives. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2019 May;35(5):422-426. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2018.1534097. Epub 2019 Jan 22.
Ekenros L, Hirschberg AL, Backstrom T, Friden C Postural control in women with premenstrual symptoms during oral contraceptive treatment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011 Jan;90(1):97-102. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2010.01021.x. Epub 2010 Nov 26.
Ekenros L, Hirschberg AL, Heijne A, Friden C Oral contraceptives do not affect muscle strength and hop performance in active women. Clin J Sport Med. 2013 May;23(3):202-7. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e3182625a51.
Friden C, Hirschberg AL, Saartok T, Renstrom P Knee joint kinaesthesia and neuromuscular coordination during three phases of the menstrual cycle in moderately active women. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2006 Apr;14(4):383-9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-005-0663-4. Epub 2005 Jun 8.
Friden C, Hirschberg AL, Saartok T Muscle strength and endurance do not significantly vary across 3 phases of the menstrual cycle in moderately active premenopausal women. Clin J Sport Med. 2003 Jul;13(4):238-41. doi: 10.1097/00042752-200307000-00007.
Hirschberg AL Challenging Aspects of Research on the Influence of the Menstrual Cycle and Oral Contraceptives on Physical Performance. Sports Med. 2022 Jul;52(7):1453-1456. doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01616-5. Epub 2022 Jan 22. No abstract available.
von Rosen P, Heijne A, Frohm A, Friden C Menstrual irregularity and use of oral contraceptives in female adolescent athletes in Swedish National Sports High Schools. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017 Nov 23;32(2):/j/ijamh.2020.32.issue-2/ijamh-2017-0113/ijamh-2017-0113.xml. doi: 10.1515/ijamh-2017-0113.
Von Rosen P, Kottorp A, Friden C, Frohm A, Heijne A Young, talented and injured: Injury perceptions, experiences and consequences in adolescent elite athletes. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018 Jun;18(5):731-740. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1440009. Epub 2018 Mar 3.
The Impact of the Menstrual Cycle on Physical Exercise and Performance
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
