End Stage Renal Disease — Virtual Reality During Hemodialysis
Citation(s)
Segura-Ortí E, Gordon PL, Doyle JW, Johansen KL Correlates of Physical Functioning and Performance Across the Spectrum of Kidney Function. Clin Nurs Res. 2018 Jun;27(5):579-596. doi: 10.1177/1054773816689282. Epub 2017 Jan 23.
Segura-Orti E, Johansen KL Exercise in end-stage renal disease. Semin Dial. 2010 Jul-Aug;23(4):422-30. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2010.00766.x. Review.
Segura-Ortí E, Kouidi E, Lisón JF Effect of resistance exercise during hemodialysis on physical function and quality of life: randomized controlled trial. Clin Nephrol. 2009 May;71(5):527-37.
Segura-Ortí E, Martínez-Olmos FJ Test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change scores for sit-to-stand-to-sit tests, the six-minute walk test, the one-leg heel-rise test, and handgrip strength in people undergoing hemodialysis. Phys Ther. 2011 Aug;91(8):1244-52. doi: 10.2522/ptj.20100141. Epub 2011 Jun 30.
Segura-Ortí E, Rodilla-Alama V, Lisón JF [Physiotherapy during hemodialysis: results of a progressive resistance-training programme]. Nefrologia. 2008;28(1):67-72. Spanish.
Segura-Ortí E [Exercise in haemodyalisis patients: a literature systematic review]. Nefrologia. 2010;30(2):236-46. doi: 10.3265/Nefrologia.pre2010.Jan.10229. Epub 2010 Jan 21. Review. Spanish.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
