Echocardiography — Normal Reference Range for Neonatal Echocardiography
Citation(s)
Cosyns B, Lancellotti P Normal reference values for echocardiography: a call for comparison between ethnicities. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016 May;17(5):523-4. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jev353. Epub 2016 Mar 13. No abstract available.
El-Khuffash A, Herbozo C, Jain A, Lapointe A, McNamara PJ Targeted neonatal echocardiography (TnECHO) service in a Canadian neonatal intensive care unit: a 4-year experience. J Perinatol. 2013 Sep;33(9):687-90. doi: 10.1038/jp.2013.42. Epub 2013 Apr 25.
Kluckow M, Evans N Superior vena cava flow in newborn infants: a novel marker of systemic blood flow. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 May;82(3):F182-7. doi: 10.1136/fn.82.3.f182.
Schmitz L, Stiller B, Pees C, Koch H, Xanthopoulos A, Lange P Doppler-derived parameters of diastolic left ventricular function in preterm infants with a birth weight <1500 g: reference values and differences to term infants. Early Hum Dev. 2004 Feb;76(2
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Normal Reference Range for Neonatal Echocardiography: a Multi-center, Prospective Study
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
