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Drury TF, Horowitz AM, Ismail AI, Maertens MP, Rozier RG, Selwitz RH Diagnosing and reporting early childhood caries for research purposes. A report of a workshop sponsored by the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, the Health Resources and Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. J Public Health Dent. 1999 Summer;59(3):192-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03268.x. No abstract available.
Duangthip D, D D Early childhood caries and candida albicans. Evid Based Dent. 2018 Dec;19(4):100-101. doi: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401337. Erratum In: Evid Based Dent. 2019 Mar;20(1):13. D, Duangthip [corrected to Duangthip D].
GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-1259. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. Erratum In: Lancet. 2017 Oct 28;390(10106):e38.
Gugnani N, Pandit IK, Srivastava N, Gupta M, Sharma M International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): A New Concept. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2011 May-Aug;4(2):93-100. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1089. Epub 2010 Apr 15.
Hajishengallis E, Forrest CB, Koo H Early Childhood Caries: Future Perspectives in Risk Assessment. JDR Clin Trans Res. 2016 Jul;1(2):110-111. doi: 10.1177/2380084416637577. Epub 2016 Mar 7. No abstract available.
Hajishengallis E, Parsaei Y, Klein MI, Koo H Advances in the microbial etiology and pathogenesis of early childhood caries. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2017 Feb;32(1):24-34. doi: 10.1111/omi.12152. Epub 2016 Feb 4.
Hwang G, Liu Y, Kim D, Li Y, Krysan DJ, Koo H Candida albicans mannans mediate Streptococcus mutans exoenzyme GtfB binding to modulate cross-kingdom biofilm development in vivo. PLoS Pathog. 2017 Jun 15;13(6):e1006407. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006407. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Kim HE, Liu Y, Dhall A, Bawazir M, Koo H, Hwang G Synergism of Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Reinforces Biofilm Maturation and Acidogenicity in Saliva: An In Vitro Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021 Feb 19;10:623980. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.623980. eCollection 2020.
Koo H, Andes DR, Krysan DJ Candida-streptococcal interactions in biofilm-associated oral diseases. PLoS Pathog. 2018 Dec 13;14(12):e1007342. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007342. eCollection 2018 Dec. No abstract available.
Koo H, Bowen WH Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans: a potential synergistic alliance to cause virulent tooth decay in children. Future Microbiol. 2014;9(12):1295-7. doi: 10.2217/fmb.14.92. No abstract available.
Metwalli KH, Khan SA, Krom BP, Jabra-Rizk MA Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and the human mouth: a sticky situation. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(10):e1003616. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003616. Epub 2013 Oct 17. No abstract available.
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Raja M, Hannan A, Ali K Association of oral candidal carriage with dental caries in children. Caries Res. 2010;44(3):272-6. doi: 10.1159/000314675. Epub 2010 May 27.
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Yang XQ, Zhang Q, Lu LY, Yang R, Liu Y, Zou J Genotypic distribution of Candida albicans in dental biofilm of Chinese children associated with severe early childhood caries. Arch Oral Biol. 2012 Aug;57(8):1048-53. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.012. Epub 2012 Jun 18.
Association of Early Candida Infection (Oral Thrush) and Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
