The Effect of Preoperative Suggestions on Perioperative Dreams and Dream Recalls

Dreamy State Clinical Trial

— dream  

Official title:

Guiding Dreaming During Anaesthesia by Means of Communication Through Suggestions. What Influences Our Suggestions? What do Our Suggestions Influence?

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Completed

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT01839201
• Other study ID #: DEOEC RKEB/IKEB 2830-2008
• Status: Completed
• Phase: N/A
• First received: April 12, 2013
• Last updated: April 25, 2013
• Start date: November 2009
• Est. completion date: January 2011

Study information

• Verified date: April 2013
• Source: University of Debrecen
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Health authority: Hungary: Scientific and Medical Research Council Ethics Committee
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Hypothesis: By employing suggestions before the induction of narcosis dreams may be evoked and their content may be directed.

The main goal of suggestive techniques in the perioperative phase is to turn the content of dreams toward a favourable direction that is considered a pleasant event by the patient. So far little attention has been paid to the administration of perioperative psychological methods that may meet these requirements.

Along these lines, in the present study we intended to assess whether dream recalls can be influenced by two different psychological methods administered in the preoperative setting

Description:

The investigators were carried out up 2009 to 2011 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Debrecen, in a prospective randomized fashion.

Adult patients were included, with whom verbal communication was possible. After a written informed consent, written agreement was obtained. Exclusion criteria were: mental retardation, tracheotomy, and inability to communicate. None of the participants needed to be excluded.

Among others, the most important components of general anaesthesia is providing a sufficient level of hypnosis during the procedure, as well as reducing anxiety in the perioperative period. Perioperatively used hypnosis and suggestive techniques can be employed, in addition to local, or general anaesthesia as complementer techniques for anxiolysis, sedation, relaxation, pain alleviation, and amnesia.

It has been proven that despite the use of depth of anesthesia monitors: in recent decades the occurrance of perioperative dreams cannot be avoided. 7-16 According to our present knowledge, dream formation during the anaesthetic procedure reflects a brief period of light level of hypnosis and dreams show a close relationship to external events in the perioperative period. Unpleasant perioperative dreams or dream recalls may lead to decreased patient satisfaction related to the surgical/anaesthesiological event and thus should be reduced.

It seems that imagination guided by suggestions before anaesthesia induction can modify dream recalls after recovery. The main goal of suggestive techniques in the perioperative phase is to turn the content of dreams toward a favourable direction that is considered a pleasant event by the patient. So far little attention has been paid to the administration of perioperative psychological methods that may meet these requirements.

Along these lines, in the present study we intended to assess whether dream recalls can be influenced by two different psychological methods administered in the preoperative setting.

The investigators intended to answer the following study questions:

1. What is the incidence of spontaneous dreams and recallable dreams while using different general anaesthesiological methods?

2. What is the effect of perioperative suggestions and dreamfilm-formation training on the occurrence of dreams and recallable dreams in different general anaesthesiological techniques?

3. What is influence of induction and maintance anaesthesia agents on the psychological methods?

4. Finally the investigators intended to assess whether a relationship can be found between the content of the preoperatively administered suggestions and prepared dreamfilms as well as the postoperatively recalled dreams.

Grouping of the patients

Patients were randomly allocated into three groups according to the following aspects:

1. In the control group spontaneous dreams of patients were assessed under conventionally managed anaesthesia without suggestions.

2. In the suggestion group patients received suggestions evoking their images exclusively in the operating theatre at the time of narcosis induction. For this, patients were instructed to find out and fix a favourite place "where they want to travel" during anaesthesia.

3. In the "dreamfilm group" the patients worked out a dreamfilm-plan using the favourite place technique one day prior to surgery. At the induction of narcosis, the series of images prepared by suggestions was evoked.

In all three of the previously listed groups 3 further subgroups were formed based on the anaesthesiological technique used:

Subgroup 1: anesthetic induction with etomidate (0,15-0,3 mg/kg), maintenance with sevoflurane (1 MAC(minimal alveolar concentration), low-flow technique), Subgroup 2: anesthetic induction with propofol (1,5-2,5 mg/kg), maintenance with sevoflurane (1 MAC, low-flow tchnique), Subgroup 3 (TIVA group): anesthetic induction with propofol (1,5-2,5 mg/kg), maintenance with propofol (8-10 mg/kg/hour).

Psychological methods used

The "favourite place" technique" describes guided imagination of life events with the help of positive suggestions immediately before induction of anesthesia. In the operating theatre after the first measurements were made the patient was informed about what was going to happen, what sensation the induction agent would cause and was also told that the waking stimulus would be their name. We asked the patient not to pay attention to noises, only to what the anaesthetist said. The suggestion technique itself starts with a relaxation exercise, using suggestions promoting calm, deep breathing and muscle relaxation. In this pleasantly relaxed atmosphere positive suggestions help the patient to imagine their favourite place or activity where they feel calm, safe and happy. Acting as suggestions, our gestures, our actions, our touch and voice unwittingly evoke some effects in our patients. Suggestions help us in guiding the vivid imagination of our patients with an altered state of consciousness. The patient is not simply asked to remember an event, the aim is to produce a feeling that they are "virtually" there in their favourite place. Meanwhile the patient is involved in the imagination process in a dialogue form.

"Dreamfilm method": Patients were met one day prior to surgery and asked to imagine and produce a film that they would like to "watch" during the anaesthesia. Thus, a "favourite place" is produced by the patients, featuring in the prepared dreamfilm that we evoke through suggestions at the time of the induction of narcosis.

In both groups, the favourite place and the dreamfilm that was produced by the patient were recorded prior to anaesthesia by the physician for the sake of further analysis. All suggestions and anesthesias were performed by the same person (JGY), who is a certified and experienced anaesthetist and psychotherapist.

Postanaesthetic management in the OR: After the patients were awakened, they were called by their names, and were informed where they were and that the operation had been finished. Thereafter they received amnesia-lifting suggestions, they were asked, before recovery of full consciousness, to retain their dreams and recall them so that later in the ward they could report them to the independent assistants. At this phase, all events related to the recovery period were recorded, including the patient's first reactions during the early recovery phase.

Gathering data The patients were interviewed about their dreams and the postoperative questionnaires were filled by the department's assistants, 10 and 60 minutes after recovery, respectively. These were pretrained, independent (blind) staff personnel who were not aware of the grouping status of the patients. The postoperative questionnaire contained parameters of the patients ' general condition: blood pressure, pulse, complications, and communication. A pivotal part of this questionnaire were questions about the dream report. One section of the questionnaire concerned the assessment of the relationship between the anaesthetist and the patient (rapport) as well as of the team's work and the patient's anxiety level related to the procedure. (See Appendix)

On the day of the study, the first author recorded the data of the questionnaires (preoperative and blinded-postoperative), the assessment of rapport by the anaesthetist (5: best mark, 1:

worst mark) and the description of the association serving as "favourite place".

Anaesthetic and monitoring techniques General anaesthesia as well as the suggestion techniques for patients in groups 2 and 3 were applied by a single physician (JGy). Midazolam (7,5- 15 mg) and atropin (0,5-1 mg) were administered per os one hour before anaesthetic induction as premedication in all patients. Induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was performed depending on the grouping status of the patients, as described above. In all three anaesthetic protocols, pain relief was achieved with fentanyl (0,02-0,05 mg/kg boluses), muscle relaxation with atracurium (0,5 mg/kg bolus, 0, 15mg/kg rep.), or with mivacurium (0,2 mg/kg), depending on the length of surgery. Intratracheal intubation was performed in all cases, followed by a pressure controlled ventilation technique, using oxygen-air mixture, with Dräger Primus anaesthetic device. Monitoring was secured using an Dräger Infinity Kappa XLT monitor: as part of standard narcosis monitoring, non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oxymetry, capnography, ECG, and relaxometry were performed. Hypnotic depth was measured using a bispectral index monitor (BIS). Anaesthesia was managed to ensure that hypnotic depth measured by BIS was between 40 and 60 throughout the entire time elapsed between intubation and wound closure. Monitoring started at the time point before induction of anaesthesia and ended after total recovery of the patient, awake state of consciousness and return of adequate communication were reached. Postoperative analgesia: Tramadol (4x 1mg/kg) and metamizole (4x0,5-1 g) were used to reduce postoperative pain as was necessary for proper pain relief. Analgesia and anxiolysis measurements: The efficiency of analgesia was graded every hour by the patients based on the rating scale used in the Hungarian school assessments (5 being the best grade= no pain, 4= mild pain, 3= moderate pain, 2= strong pain, and 1= worst, intolerable pain).

Statistical methods

The statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 11.5 software. We used the following procedures and tests:

• χ²-test for independence of two variables, provided by the SPSS Crosstabs procedure. As is well known, it can be interpreted even as a test of homogeneity of distributions, and it was this purpose that it was used for.

• T-test for independent samples (we should have used the large samples version of the independent samples binomial test, however, the SPSS does not offer it, so we used the t-test instead, as these tests are asymptotically equivalent).

• One-sample binomial test. Dependent variables examined Patient report 10 and 60 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream (yes/no).

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Completed
• Enrollment: 270
• Est. completion date: January 2011
• Est. primary completion date: January 2011
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: Both
• Age group: 19 Years to 75 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• with whom verbal communication was possible.

• After a written informed consent, written agreement was obtained

Exclusion Criteria:

• mental retardation

• tracheotomy

• inability to communicate

Study Design

Allocation: Randomized, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Single Blind (Investigator)

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• Dreamy State

Intervention

Other:
• control
No psychological intervention
• suggestion
In the suggestion group patients received suggestions evoking their images of favourite place at the time of narcosis induction.
• dreamfilm
In the dreamfilm group patients worked out the dreamfilm plan using a favourite place technique one day prior to surgery. At the induction of anesthesia the series of images prepared by suggestions was evoked.

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
Hungary	University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care	Debrecen	Hajdú-Bihar

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
University of Debrecen

Country where clinical trial is conducted

Hungary, 

References & Publications (30)

Aceto P, Congedo E, Lai C, Valente A, Gualtieri E, De Cosmo G. Dreams recall and auditory evoked potentials during propofol anaesthesia. Neuroreport. 2007 May 28;18(8):823-6. — View Citation

Aceto P, Valente A, Gorgoglione M, Adducci E, De Cosmo G. Relationship between awareness and middle latency auditory evoked responses during surgical anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth. 2003 May;90(5):630-5. — View Citation

Alkire MT. Probing the mind: anesthesia and neuroimaging. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jul;84(1):149-52. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2008.75. Epub 2008 Apr 16. Review. — View Citation

Brandner B, Blagrove M, McCallum G, Bromley LM. Dreams, images and emotions associated with propofol anaesthesia. Anaesthesia. 1997 Aug;52(8):750-5. — View Citation

Clemens Z, Mölle M, Eross L, Barsi P, Halász P, Born J. Temporal coupling of parahippocampal ripples, sleep spindles and slow oscillations in humans. Brain. 2007 Nov;130(Pt 11):2868-78. Epub 2007 Jul 5. — View Citation

Dang-Vu TT, Schabus M, Desseilles M, Sterpenich V, Bonjean M, Maquet P. Functional neuroimaging insights into the physiology of human sleep. Sleep. 2010 Dec;33(12):1589-603. Review. — View Citation

Deshpande G, Kerssens C, Sebel PS, Hu X. Altered local coherence in the default mode network due to sevoflurane anesthesia. Brain Res. 2010 Mar 8;1318:110-21. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.12.075. Epub 2010 Jan 6. — View Citation

Eer AS, Padmanabhan U, Leslie K. Propofol dose and incidence of dreaming during sedation. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2009 Oct;26(10):833-6. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0b013e32832c500c. — View Citation

Enqvist B, Fischer K. Preoperative hypnotic techniques reduce consumption of analgesics after surgical removal of third mandibular molars: a brief communication. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1997 Apr;45(2):102-8. — View Citation

Enqvist B, von Konow L, Bystedt H. Pre- and perioperative suggestion in maxillofacial surgery: effects on blood loss and recovery. Int J Clin Exp Hypn. 1995 Jul;43(3):284-94. — View Citation

Fagan JE, McArthur RG. Maximizing diabetic control in children: an improved method for monitoring. Postgrad Med. 1978 Feb;63(2):58-65. — View Citation

Faymonville ME, Boly M, Laureys S. Functional neuroanatomy of the hypnotic state. J Physiol Paris. 2006 Jun;99(4-6):463-9. Epub 2006 Jun 5. Review. — View Citation

Gugino LD, Chabot RJ, Prichep LS, John ER, Formanek V, Aglio LS. Quantitative EEG changes associated with loss and return of consciousness in healthy adult volunteers anaesthetized with propofol or sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth. 2001 Sep;87(3):421-8. — View Citation

Hellwagner K, Holzer A, Gustorff B, Schroegendorfer K, Greher M, Weindlmayr-Goettel M, Saletu B, Lackner FX. Recollection of dreams after short general anaesthesia: influence on patient anxiety and satisfaction. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2003 Apr;20(4):282-8. — View Citation

Hermes D, Truebger D, Hakim SG, Sieg P. Tape recorded hypnosis in oral and maxillofacial surgery--basics and first clinical experience. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2005 Apr;33(2):123-9. Epub 2005 Jan 26. — View Citation

Horovitz SG, Braun AR, Carr WS, Picchioni D, Balkin TJ, Fukunaga M, Duyn JH. Decoupling of the brain's default mode network during deep sleep. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Jul 7;106(27):11376-81. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0901435106. Epub 2009 Jun 19. — View Citation

Huang GH, Davidson AJ, Stargatt R. Dreaming during anaesthesia in children: incidence, nature and associations. Anaesthesia. 2005 Sep;60(9):854-61. — View Citation

John ER, Prichep LS. The anesthetic cascade: a theory of how anesthesia suppresses consciousness. Anesthesiology. 2005 Feb;102(2):447-71. Review. — View Citation

Käsmacher H, Petermeyer M, Decker C. [Incidence and quality of dreaming during anesthesia with propofol in comparison with enflurane]. Anaesthesist. 1996 Feb;45(2):146-53. German. — View Citation

Kusse C, Shaffii-LE Bourdiec A, Schrouff J, Matarazzo L, Maquet P. Experience-dependent induction of hypnagogic images during daytime naps: a combined behavioural and EEG study. J Sleep Res. 2012 Feb;21(1):10-20. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2869.2011.00939.x. Epub 2011 Aug 16. — View Citation

Leslie K, Skrzypek H, Paech MJ, Kurowski I, Whybrow T. Dreaming during anesthesia and anesthetic depth in elective surgery patients: a prospective cohort study. Anesthesiology. 2007 Jan;106(1):33-42. — View Citation

Leslie K, Sleigh J, Paech MJ, Voss L, Lim CW, Sleigh C. Dreaming and electroencephalographic changes during anesthesia maintained with propofol or desflurane. Anesthesiology. 2009 Sep;111(3):547-55. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181adf768. — View Citation

Marsch SC, Schaefer HG, Tschan C, Meier B. Dreaming and anaesthesia: total i.v. anaesthesia with propofol versus balanced volatile anaesthesia with enflurane. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1992 Jul;9(4):331-3. — View Citation

Mashour GA. Sleep, anesthesia, and consciousness. Sleep. 2011 Mar 1;34(3):247-8. — View Citation

Mölle M, Marshall L, Gais S, Born J. Grouping of spindle activity during slow oscillations in human non-rapid eye movement sleep. J Neurosci. 2002 Dec 15;22(24):10941-7. — View Citation

Murphy M, Bruno MA, Riedner BA, Boveroux P, Noirhomme Q, Landsness EC, Brichant JF, Phillips C, Massimini M, Laureys S, Tononi G, Boly M. Propofol anesthesia and sleep: a high-density EEG study. Sleep. 2011 Mar 1;34(3):283-91A. — View Citation

Samuelsson P, Brudin L, Sandin RH. BIS does not predict dreams reported after anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2008 Jul;52(6):810-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01633.x. Epub 2008 May 12. — View Citation

Stickgold R, Malia A, Maguire D, Roddenberry D, O'Connor M. Replaying the game: hypnagogic images in normals and amnesics. Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):350-3. — View Citation

Wamsley EJ, Stickgold R. Dreaming and offline memory processing. Curr Biol. 2010 Dec 7;20(23):R1010-3. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.10.045. — View Citation

Wobst AH. Hypnosis and surgery: past, present, and future. Anesth Analg. 2007 May;104(5):1199-208. Review. — View Citation

* Note: There are 30 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Relationship between the content of the preoperatively administered suggestions and prepared dreamfilms as well as the postoperatively recalled dreams.	Presence of relationship between the content of preoperative imagination and postoperative dream recall.(yes/no)	2009 - 2011	Yes
Primary	Incidence of spontaneous dreams and recallable dreams while using different general anaesthesiological methods?	Dream10: All dream: Number of patient report 10 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream. Recallable dream:Number of patient report 10 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream with recallable content on control group.; Dream60: All dream: Number of patient report 60 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream .Recallable dream: Number of patient report 60 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of dream with recallable content on controll group .	2009 - 2011	Yes
Secondary	Occurrence of dreams and recallable dreams in different general anaesthesiological techniques?	dream10: All dream: Number of patient report 10 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream, recallable dream:Number of patient report 10 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream with recallable content on suggestion and dreamfilm groups,on different anesthesia methods.; dream60: All dream: Number of patient report 60 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of a dream, recallable dream: Number of patient report 60 minutes respectively after recovery about the appearance of dream with recallable content on suggestion and dreamfilm groups, on different anesthesia method.	2009 -2011	Yes