Gin H, Rigalleau V, Perlemoine C Insulin therapy and body weight, body composition and muscular strength in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Metab. 2010;2010:340570. doi: 10.1155/2010/340570. Epub 2009 Oct 21.
Gupta V, Lipsitz LA Orthostatic hypotension in the elderly: diagnosis and treatment. Am J Med. 2007 Oct;120(10):841-7. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.02.023.
Lipsitz LA, Mukai S, Hamner J, Gagnon M, Babikian V Dynamic regulation of middle cerebral artery blood flow velocity in aging and hypertension. Stroke. 2000 Aug;31(8):1897-903. doi: 10.1161/01.str.31.8.1897.
Lipsitz LA, Pluchino FC, Wei JY, Rowe JW Syncope in institutionalized elderly: the impact of multiple pathological conditions and situational stress. J Chronic Dis. 1986;39(8):619-30. doi: 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90187-6.
Madden KM, Tedder G, Lockhart C, Meneilly GS Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia alters the response to orthostatic stress in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008 Nov;31(11):2203-8. doi: 10.2337/dc08-1058. Epub 2008 Aug 20.
Meneilly GS, Elliott T, Battistini B, Floras JS N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine alters insulin-mediated calf blood flow but not glucose disposal in the elderly. Metabolism. 2001 Mar;50(3):306-10. doi: 10.1053/meta.2001.19493.
Salle A, Guilloteau G, Ryan M, Bouhanick B, Ritz P Effect of insulin treatment on the body composition of Type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2004 Dec;21(12):1298-303. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01335.x.
Sergi G, De Rui M, Stubbs B, Veronese N, Manzato E Measurement of lean body mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a consideration of the pros and cons. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2017 Aug;29(4):591-597. doi: 10.1007/s40520-016-0622-6. Epub 2016 Aug 27.
Vinik AI, Erbas T Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: diagnosis and management. Curr Diab Rep. 2006 Dec;6(6):424-30. doi: 10.1007/s11892-006-0074-z.
Ziegler D, Laux G, Dannehl K, Spuler M, Muhlen H, Mayer P, Gries FA Assessment of cardiovascular autonomic function: age-related normal ranges and reproducibility of spectral analysis, vector analysis, and standard tests of heart rate variation and blood pressure responses. Diabet Med. 1992 Mar;9(2):166-75. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.1992.tb01754.x.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
