Bradley C Stress and diabetes. Handbook of Life Stress, Cognition and Health. New York: John Wiley & Sons 1988:383-401.
Bränström R, Duncan LG, Moskowitz JT The association between dispositional mindfulness, psychological well-being, and perceived health in a Swedish population-based sample. Br J Health Psychol. 2011 May;16(Pt 2):300-16. doi: 10.1348/135910710X501683. Epub 2011 Mar 8.
Haenen S, Nyklícek I, van Son J, Pop V, Pouwer F Mindfulness facets as differential mediators of short and long-term effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in diabetes outpatients: Findings from the DiaMind randomized trial. J Psychosom Res. 2016 Jun;85:44-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.04.006. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Kan C, Silva N, Golden SH, Rajala U, Timonen M, Stahl D, Ismail K A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between depression and insulin resistance. Diabetes Care. 2013 Feb;36(2):480-9. doi: 10.2337/dc12-1442. Review. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2013 May;36(5):1429.
Pouwer F, Beekman AT, Lubach C, Snoek FJ Nurses' recognition and registration of depression, anxiety and diabetes-specific emotional problems in outpatients with diabetes mellitus. Patient Educ Couns. 2006 Feb;60(2):235-40.
Pouwer F Should we screen for emotional distress in type 2 diabetes mellitus? Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009 Dec;5(12):665-71. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2009.214. Epub 2009 Nov 3. Review.
Rubin RR, Peyrot M Quality of life and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 1999 May-Jun;15(3):205-18. Review.
Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse. New York, Guilford Press, 2002.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Headspace Mindfulness Application Versus Standard Care on the HbA1C and Quality of Life in Patients With Diabetes: A Randomized Control Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.