Dental Caries — Orthodontic Varnish Microbiology Study
Citation(s)
Freitas AO, Marquezan M, Nojima Mda C, Alviano DS, Maia LC The influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: a systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod. 2014 Mar-Apr;19(2):46-55. doi: 10.1590/2176-9451.19.2.046-055.oar.
Klaus K, Eichenauer J, Sprenger R, Ruf S Oral microbiota carriage in patients with multibracket appliance in relation to the quality of oral hygiene. Head Face Med. 2016 Oct 28;12(1):28. doi: 10.1186/s13005-016-0125-x.
Mehta A, Paramshivam G, Chugh VK, Singh S, Halkai S, Kumar S Effect of light-curable fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015 Nov;148(5):814-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2015.05.022.
Sundararaj D, Venkatachalapathy S, Tandon A, Pereira A Critical evaluation of incidence and prevalence of white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: A meta-analysis. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2015 Nov-Dec;5(6):433-9. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.167719.
The Effect of Light-cured Fluoride Varnish to Remineralize Post-orthodontic White Spot Lesions and Change the Oral Microbiome: a Double-blind, Split-mouth Randomized Clinical Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
