Clinical Trial Details
— Status: Completed
Administrative data
| NCT number |
NCT00351520 |
| Other study ID # |
SGS05/97 |
| Secondary ID |
WHO/EMRO |
| Status |
Completed |
| Phase |
Phase 3
|
| First received |
July 12, 2006 |
| Last updated |
September 19, 2011 |
| Start date |
May 2006 |
| Est. completion date |
June 2007 |
Study information
| Verified date |
September 2011 |
| Source |
Tehran University of Medical Sciences |
| Contact |
n/a |
| Is FDA regulated |
No |
| Health authority |
Iran: Ethics Committee |
| Study type |
Interventional
|
Clinical Trial Summary
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic skin lesion caused by different species of Leishmania
and transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. Leishmaniasis is exist in 88 countries,
pentavalent antimonials (sodium stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate) have been used as
a standard treatment for this disease for last 80 years. Pentavalent antimonials are only
available as injectable, which is painful, toxic, not affordable and moreover is not always
effective even sometimes with several courses of treatment. Many different modalities are
used to treat the disease with little success. Miltefosine is drug and has recently been
shown to be effective in the treatment cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia. The molecular
mechanisms that contribute to this effectiveness are not clearly understood. Only a well
designed, randomized clinical trial can precisely evaluate the efficacy of any therapeutic
modalities in cutaneous leishmaniasis. In this study the efficacy of oral treatment of
miltefosine 2.5 mg per Kg body weight for 4 weeks will be compared with standard treatment
of intramuscular injections of 60 mg/kg/day glucantime for 2 weeks in ACL parasitologically
proven patients. At 8 weeks after the initiation of the treatment any patient in the group
who received miltefosine and has not responded to the treatment will be treated with the
standard intramuscular injections of 60 mg/kg/day glucantime for 2 weeks. The clinical trial
will be carried out according to the International approved GCP (Good Clinical Practice)
guide lines.
Description:
Leishmaniasis caused by at least 20 different species of Leishmania and transmitted by the
bite of infected sand flies. Leishmaniasis is endemic in 88 countries, mostly developing
ones. Leishmaniasis with an incidence rate of 1.5-2 million mostly cutaneous form, and 350
million population at risk is a major health problem in some endemic countries such as Iran
which is endemic to cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), both anthroponotic CL (ACL) caused by L.
tropica and Zoonotic CL (ZCL) caused by L. major 1, 2. Pentavalent antimonials (sodium
stibogluconate and meglumine antimoniate) have been used as standard treatment of
leishmaniasis for about 80 years. Pentavalent antimonials are only parentrally available,
which is painful, toxic, not affordable in most endemic areas and moreover is not always
effective even sometimes with several courses of treatment, recently resistance of
Leishmania to antimonials is reported. Other modalities such as physical, immunological,
topical and systemic therapies are used with controversial results 3,4.
Miltefosine, is a phosphocholine analogue that affects cell-signaling pathways and membrane
synthesis 5.
Almost all strains of mice are resistant to L. major and L. mexicana infection, in ressitant
strain L. major infection induces a transient self healing lesion similar to human CL
accompanies with a Th1 response but susceptible BALB/c mice infected with L. major induces a
Th2 type immune response and the infection develop to a systemic form of disease similar to
human Kala azar and eventually every mouse is succumed to the disease. Miltefosine has
recently been shown to be effective in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused
by L. donovani and New World CL caused by L. vianna panamensis in Colombia 6-8. The results
of an open-label, multicenteric, phase II trial of different doses of oral miltefosine (4 or
6 weeks) on patients with VL caused by L. donovani in India showed a cure rate of 95% (all
120 patients showed an initial parasitologic cure and relapsed was seen in only 6 patients)
6. In another randomized, open trial in India, VL patients received miltefosine orally
(approximately 2.5 mg/kg daily for 28 days), or amphotericin B (1 mg/kg, every other day for
30 days) at the end of the treatment, parasitological cure rate was 100% and only 6% of the
patients received miltefosien showed relapse by 6 months 7. Phase I-II of an open dose
escalating trial of miltefosine against American CL in Colombia showed that oral miltefosine
is safe and the cure rate was 66 and 94% for different doses 8. In a placebo-controlled
trial of miltefosine in Colombia and Guatemala, American CL caused by L. v. panamensis was
treated with miltfosine (2.5 mg/kg per day orally for 28 days), at the end of the teatment
period, the per-protocol cure rates for miltefosine group was 91% and for placebo group was
38% 9.
The molecular mechanisms that contribute to the antileishmanial activity of miltefosine are
not clearly understood but apparently the effect is not on immune response and macrophages
since immunodefient mice such as SCID mice and other deficient mice are still susceptible to
miltefosine action 10-12. It is shown that miltefosine induces nuclear DNA condensation and
apoptosis-like death in L. donovani 12-14.
The controversy obsereved in the reports of the efficacy of different modalities for CL is
mainly due to not considering the self healing nature of the disease in the design of the
study. Factors such as variations in the susceptibility of different Leishmania species to
the various drugs and differences in the criteria used to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs
are important. Although no reliable report is available on the efficacy of glucantime in the
treatment of ACL caused by L. tropica but surely the efficacy is very poor, and resistant of
L. tropica to glucantime exist (manuscript submitted). Only with well designed, randomized
clinical trial can precisely evaluate the efficacy of any therapeutic modalities in CL. In
this study the efficacy of oral treatment of miltefosine 2.5 mg per Kg body weight for 4
weeks will be compared with standard treatment of intramuscular injections of 60 mg/kg/day
glucantime for 2 weeks in ACL parasitologically proven patients. At 8 weeks after the
initiation of the treatment any patient in the group who received miltefosine and has not
responded to the treatment will be treated with the standard intramuscular injections of 60
mg/kg/day glucantime for 2 weeks. The clinical trial will be carried out according to GCP
(Good Clinical Practice) guide lines.
Study area/setting: (Instructions: describe the area or setting where the study will be
conducted. This description should cover the details relevant to the study topic) Study
site: There are two sites of ACL with high incidence rate in Iran; one is Mashad, Khorasan
and the second one is Bam, Kerman, the incidence rate of ACL in Bam is increasing after
earthquake according to a recent survey which is currently underway. The trial will be
carried out in either site with enough number of ACL patients, but also to complete the
recruitment faster the trial could be carried out in both sites.
6.2 Study subjects: (Instructions: eligibility and exclusion criteria of the study subjects)
I) Inclusion criteria:a) Parasitologically proven cases of CL based on positive smear and/or
culture; b) Otherwise healthy subjects on the basis of medical history, physical examination
and results of blood tests (complete blood count [CBC], liver function tests [LFT] and renal
function tests [RFT]); c) Age 12-50 years; d) body weight more than 40 kilograms; e) willing
to participate in the study and sign the informed consent (by the patient or his/her
parent/guardian in case of younger than 18 years).
II) Exclusion criteria: a) Pregnant or lactating women; b) Duration of lesion more than 6
months; c) Number of lesions more than 5; d) Lesion(s) with bacterial supperinfection e)
History of full course of standard treatment (antimonials); f) History of allergy to
glucantime; g) Serious systemic illnesses (as judged by the physician); h) Participation in
any drug trials in the last 60 days.
III) Withdrawal criteria:a) A serious adverse event occurs; b) Withdrawal of the consent.
Withdrawn cases will be treated according to the investigators opinion and beneficial of the
patients at no cost. All withdrawn patients will be evaluated in final analysis
(intent-to-treat analysis).
IV) Treatment: In this phase III, randomized open trial, subjects meeting inclusion criteria
of the trial will be randomly allocated into two groups according to a randomization list.
One group will be treated with 2.5 mg/kg body weight of oral miltefosine and the second
group will be treated with intramuscular injections of 60 mg/kg/day glucantime for 2 weeks.
The oral miltefosine tablets will be delivered to each patient on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. A
written instruction sheet will be given to each included patient, and the patient will be
instructed to contact the research team on appearance of symptoms suggesting severe side
effects (intractable diarrhea and/or vomiting, symtoms of liver, kidney or hematopoietic
system dysfunction. A copy of the randomization list with the codes will be kept at WR
office. Eight weeks after the initiatin of the treatment, any patient who received oral
miltefosine and has active lesion will be treated with intramuscular glucantime injections
(60mg/kg/day for 14 days).
v) Follow-up: Every included patient will be visited at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 24 weeks after the
initiation of the treatment. The flow chart is attached.
6.3 Study design: (Instructions: mention the type of study design eg cross-sectional,
case-control, intervention study, etc..) This trial is an open randomized clinical trial
under GCP guide lines. The Center academic staffs are well qualified in training of GCP
nationally and internationally, several clinical trials both in therapeutic and vaccine
development have been completed by this group..
v) Follow-up: The patients will be visited at 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 24 weeks after the
initiation of the treatment. The flow chart is attached.
6.3 Study design: (Instructions: mention the type of study design eg cross-sectional,
case-control, intervention study, etc..) This study is a randomized, open clinical trial
under GCP guide lines. The Center academic staff are well qualified in training of GCP
nationally and internationally and have completed several clinical trials in both
therapeutic and vaccine efficacy trials under GCP guide lines.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis: Skin lesions clinically suspicious and parasitologically proven by
direct smear and/or culture. The study area is endemic for ACL but a portion of the
Leishmania isolates will be used for charecterization and identification using monoclonal
antibodies and PCR technique.
Clinical cure: The primary clinical efficacy parameter will be the complete
re-epithelization of all lesions with disappearance of induration (with or without scar). No
parasitological evaluation will be done on clinically cured lesions.
Clinical improvement: Reduction in the size of ulcer and induration. Treatment failure: No
change or increase in the size of induration and ulcer. Relapse: Reappearance of the lesion
at the site or periphery of the cured lesion will be considered as relapse.
Parasitological cure: Negative smear and culture at the end of the treatment and follow up
period will be regarded as parasitological cure.
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