Cutaneous Leihmaniasis Clinical Trial
Official title:
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF A SHORT COURSE OF THE COMBINATION OF MILTEFOSINE AND ANTIMONY TO TREAT CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN BOLIVIA
The combination of a half-course of miltefosine and a half-course of antimony will be evaluated for efficacy and tolerance. The combination of miltefosine and antimony is chosen because these are now the two standard agents in Bolivia, and in vitro the combination was additive to mildly synergistic against a standard leishmania strain.
Combination therapy is now being used for many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis,
malaria, and HIV. Combination therapy offers the potential of preventing drug resistance,
because organisms resistant to one of the drugs may be susceptible to the other drug; and
also the potential to diminish drug therapy duration and thus side effects. These two
potential benefits to some extent contradict each other: preventing resistance is best done
if full courses of both drugs is used; diminishing therapy duration means using less than
the full course of each drug. The optimum combination regimen is one in which sufficient
amounts of both drugs are used to have high efficacy, yet the amounts are as low as possible
to spare patients unnecessarily long courses of drug.
Until recently, the standard treatment for the leishmaniases was pentavalent antimony
(Glucantime or Pentostam). The cure rate for L panamensis in Colombia is 91%-93% [Soto,
1993; Velez, 1997] and the cure rate in Bolivia, in work soon to be completed, is also 90% [
Soto, unpublished results]. A large study with several formulations of antimony found a
combined Bolivia-Colombia cure rate of 86% [Soto, 2004b]. Nevertheless, pentavalent
antimonials have the disadvantages of multiple injections and mild-moderate clinical
toxicity [gastrointestinal complaints, liver enzyme elevations, pancreatic enzyme
elevations], all of which are particularly unpleasant for a moderate clinical problem such
as cutaneous leishmaniasis.
The oral agent Miltefosine has now been shown to be as effective as antimony in Colombia and
Bolivia. In Colombia, the cure rate for miltefosine was 91% [Soto 2004a] and in the soon to
be completed comparative trial in Bolivia, the cure rate for miltefosine appears to be 92%
[Soto, unpublished results]. Side effects seen in patients with cutaneous disease that can
be specifically attributed to the drug are nausea and vomiting of mild grade in
approximately 25% of patients, and low-grade elevation of creatinine also in approximately
25% of patients [Soto 2001; Soto 2004]. A further disadvantage of miltefosine is that
regimens shorter than 4 weeks have not been evaluated for cutaneous disease.
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Allocation: Randomized, Endpoint Classification: Safety/Efficacy Study, Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment, Masking: Open Label, Primary Purpose: Treatment