Keto-diet for Intubated Critical Care COVID-19

COVID-19 Clinical Trial

— KICC-COVID19  

Official title:

Keto-diet for Intubated Critical Care COVID-19 (KICC-COVID19)

Clinical Trial Details — Status: Withdrawn

Administrative data

• NCT number: NCT04358835
• Other study ID #: IRB00247383
• Status: Withdrawn
• Phase: N/A
• Start date: September 1, 2020
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2021

Study information

• Verified date: August 2020
• Source: Johns Hopkins University
• Contact: n/a
• Is FDA regulated: No
• Study type: Interventional

Clinical Trial Summary

Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) is a devastating viral illness that originated in Wuhan China in late 2019 and there are nearly 2 million confirmed cases. The mortality rate is approximately 5% of reported cases and over half of patients that require mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure. As the disease continues to spread, strategies for reducing duration of ventilator support in patients with COVID-19 could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality of these individuals and future patients requiring this severely limited life-saving resource. Methods to improve gas exchange and to reduce the inflammatory response in COVID-19 are desperately needed to save lives.

The ketogenic diet is a high fat, low carbohydrate, adequate-protein diet that promotes metabolic ketosis (ketone body production) through hepatic metabolism of fatty acids. High fat, low carbohydrate diets have been shown to reduce duration of ventilator support and partial pressure carbon dioxide in patients with acute respiratory failure. In addition, metabolic ketosis reduces systemic inflammation. This mechanism could be leveraged to halt the cytokine storm characteristic of COVID-19 infection.

The hypothesis of this study is that the administration of a ketogenic diet will improve gas exchange, reduce inflammation, and duration of mechanical ventilation. The plan is to enroll 15 intubated patients with COVID 19 infection and administer a 4:1 ketogenic formula during their intubation.

Description:

Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) is a devastating viral illness that originated in Wuhan China in late 2019. The number of confirmed cases worldwide has nearly reached 2 million and more than 125,000 people have died. Early studies from Wuhan reported a mortality rate of 2-3% with lower rates in surrounding provinces as the disease spread (closer to 0.7% of confirmed cases). One hypothesized cause for the higher mortality rate in Wuhan compared to surrounding regions was the rapid "surge" of COVID-19 infections before the disease was identified and social distancing implemented. Critically ill patients developed acute respiratory distress syndrome with inflammatory pulmonary edema and life-threatening hypoxemia requiring mechanical ventilation. This resulted in a significant strain on health-care resources such as availability of mechanical ventilators to treat patients with acute respiratory failure. As the disease spreads worldwide, strategies for reducing duration of ventilator support in patients with COVID-19 could significantly reduce morbidity and mortality of these individuals and future patients requiring this severely limited life-saving resource.

Alterations in macronutrient composition may be leveraged to improve ventilation and inflammation in COVID-19 patients. The ketogenic diet is a high fat, low carbohydrate, adequate protein diet that promotes ketone body production through hepatic metabolism of fatty acids. High fat, low carbohydrate diets have been shown to reduce duration of ventilator support and partial pressure carbon dioxide in patients with acute respiratory failure. Switching from glucose to fat oxidation lowers the respiratory quotient, thereby reducing the amount of carbon dioxide produced. This reduces ventilator demands and may improve oxygenation by lowering alveolar carbon dioxide levels, ultimately reducing time on mechanical ventilation. A study published in 1989 compared 10 participants intubated for acute respiratory failure and randomized to a high-fat, low carbohydrate diet and 10 participants receiving a standard isocaloric, isonitrogenous diet and showed a decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of 16% in the ketogenic diet group compared to a 4% increase in the standard diet group (p=0.003). The patients in the high-fat diet group had a mean of 62 fewer hours on a ventilator (p = 0.006) compared to the control group.

The high-fat diet used in the study had a ratio of 1.2:1 fat to protein and carbohydrate combined in grams. The ketogenic diet, which has been used safely and effectively in patients with chronic epilepsy for nearly one century and more recently in critically ill, intubated patients for the management of refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus has a 4:1 ratio (90% fat kilocalories). While a 1:1 ratio diet can produce a state of mild metabolic ketosis (typically ~ 1 mmol/L of the ketone body betahydroxybutyrate, measured in serum), a higher 4:1 ratio ketogenic diet can produce higher ketone body betahydroxybutyrate levels and more rapidly (up to 2 mmol/L within 24 hours of initiation). One study of obese patients treated with ketogenic diet reported that increases in ketone body production correlated with a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide levels. A more recent study showed that patients with refractory epilepsy had a reduction in the respiratory quotient and increased fatty acid oxidation without a change in the respiratory energy expenditure with chronic use of the ketogenic diet. These findings were replicated in healthy subjects on ketogenic diet compared to a control group and patients on a ketogenic diet also had a significant reduction in carbon dioxide output and partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The authors concluded that a ketogenic diet may decrease carbon dioxide body stores and that use of a ketogenic diet may be beneficial for patients with respiratory failure. Even in patients without hypercapnia (primarily hypoxic respiratory failure), lowering carbon dioxide production permits lowering tidal volumes - a cornerstone of acute respiratory distress syndrome management.

In addition to reducing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, metabolic ketosis reduces systemic inflammation. This mechanism could be leveraged to halt the cytokine storm characteristic of COVID-19 infection. Several studies provide evidence that pro-inflammatory cytokine production is significantly reduced in animals fed a ketogenic diet in a variety of disease models. In a rodent model of Parkinson's disease, mice were found to have significantly decreased levels of pro-inflammatory, macrophage secreted cytokines interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and Tumor necrosis factor-alpha after 1 week of treatment with a ketogenic diet. Likewise, rats pretreated with a ketogenic diet prior to injection with lipopolysaccharide to induce fever did not experience an increase in body temperature or interleukin-1β, while significant increases were seen in control animals not pretreated with a ketogenic diet. In a mouse model of NLRP3-mediated diseases as well as human monocytes, the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate inhibited the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated production of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. These findings have been replicated in several recent animal studies and preliminary studies in humans. The hypothesis of this study is that through induction of metabolic ketosis combined with carbohydrate restriction, a ketogenic diet is protective against the cytokine storm in COVID-19. With its carbon dioxide-lowering and anti-inflammatory properties, a ketogenic diet may become an important component of the acute respiratory distress syndrome arsenal with immediate relevance to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Recruitment information / eligibility

• Status: Withdrawn
• Enrollment: 0
• Est. completion date: December 31, 2021
• Est. primary completion date: September 1, 2021
• Accepts healthy volunteers: No
• Gender: All
• Age group: 18 Years to 80 Years

Eligibility

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients age 18 and older.

• COVID-19 positive and respiratory failure requiring intubation

• Legally authorized representative

Exclusion Criteria:

• Unstable metabolic condition

• Liver failure

• Acute Pancreatitis

• Inability to tolerate enteral feeds, ileus, gastrointestinal bleeding

• Known Pregnancy

• Received propofol infusion within 24 hours

• Known fatty acid oxidation disorder or pyruvate carboxylase deficiency

Related Conditions & MeSH terms

• COVID-19

Intervention

Dietary Supplement:
• Ketogenic diet
4:1 ratio enteral ketogenic formula within 48 hours of intubation

Other:
• standard of care
standard of care/supportive therapy

Locations

Country	Name	City	State
n/a

Sponsors (1)

Lead Sponsor	Collaborator
Johns Hopkins University

References & Publications (33)

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Goldberg EL, Asher JL, Molony RD, Shaw AC, Zeiss CJ, Wang C, Morozova-Roche LA, Herzog RI, Iwasaki A, Dixit VD. ß-Hydroxybutyrate Deactivates Neutrophil NLRP3 Inflammasome to Relieve Gout Flares. Cell Rep. 2017 Feb 28;18(9):2077-2087. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.004. — View Citation

Ji Y, Ma Z, Peppelenbosch MP, Pan Q. Potential association between COVID-19 mortality and health-care resource availability. Lancet Glob Health. 2020 Apr;8(4):e480. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30068-1. Epub 2020 Feb 25. — View Citation

Kossoff EH, Zupec-Kania BA, Auvin S, Ballaban-Gil KR, Christina Bergqvist AG, Blackford R, Buchhalter JR, Caraballo RH, Cross JH, Dahlin MG, Donner EJ, Guzel O, Jehle RS, Klepper J, Kang HC, Lambrechts DA, Liu YMC, Nathan JK, Nordli DR Jr, Pfeifer HH, Rho JM, Scheffer IE, Sharma S, Stafstrom CE, Thiele EA, Turner Z, Vaccarezza MM, van der Louw EJTM, Veggiotti P, Wheless JW, Wirrell EC; Charlie Foundation; Matthew's Friends; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia Open. 2018 May 21;3(2):175-192. doi: 10.1002/epi4.12225. eCollection 2018 Jun. — View Citation

McDonald TJW, Cervenka MC. Ketogenic Diets for Adults With Highly Refractory Epilepsy. Epilepsy Curr. 2017 Nov-Dec;17(6):346-350. doi: 10.5698/1535-7597.17.6.346. — View Citation

McDonald TJW, Henry-Barron BJ, Felton EA, Gutierrez EG, Barnett J, Fisher R, Lwin M, Jan A, Vizthum D, Kossoff EH, Cervenka MC. Improving compliance in adults with epilepsy on a modified Atkins diet: A randomized trial. Seizure. 2018 Aug;60:132-138. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2018.06.019. Epub 2018 Jun 22. — View Citation

Park EG, Lee J, Lee J. The ketogenic diet for super-refractory status epilepticus patients in intensive care units. Brain Dev. 2019 May;41(5):420-427. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.12.007. Epub 2019 Jan 9. — View Citation

Peng P, Peng J, Yin F, Deng X, Chen C, He F, Wang X, Guang S, Mao L. Ketogenic Diet as a Treatment for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome. Front Neurol. 2019 Apr 26;10:423. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00423. eCollection 2019. — View Citation

Rubini A, Bosco G, Lodi A, Cenci L, Parmagnani A, Grimaldi K, Zhongjin Y, Paoli A. Effects of Twenty Days of the Ketogenic Diet on Metabolic and Respiratory Parameters in Healthy Subjects. Lung. 2015 Dec;193(6):939-45. doi: 10.1007/s00408-015-9806-7. Epub 2015 Sep 26. Erratum in: Lung. 2016 Nov 1;:. — View Citation

Ruskin DN, Ross JL, Kawamura M Jr, Ruiz TL, Geiger JD, Masino SA. A ketogenic diet delays weight loss and does not impair working memory or motor function in the R6/2 1J mouse model of Huntington's disease. Physiol Behav. 2011 Jul 6;103(5):501-7. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.04.001. Epub 2011 Apr 9. — View Citation

Schreck KC, Lwin M, Strowd RE, Henry-Barron BJ, Blakeley JO, Cervenka MC. Effect of ketogenic diets on leukocyte counts in patients with epilepsy. Nutr Neurosci. 2019 Jul;22(7):522-527. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2017.1416740. Epub 2017 Dec 18. — View Citation

Tagliabue A, Bertoli S, Trentani C, Borrelli P, Veggiotti P. Effects of the ketogenic diet on nutritional status, resting energy expenditure, and substrate oxidation in patients with medically refractory epilepsy: a 6-month prospective observational study. Clin Nutr. 2012 Apr;31(2):246-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.09.012. Epub 2011 Oct 20. — View Citation

Thakur KT, Probasco JC, Hocker SE, Roehl K, Henry B, Kossoff EH, Kaplan PW, Geocadin RG, Hartman AL, Venkatesan A, Cervenka MC. Ketogenic diet for adults in super-refractory status epilepticus. Neurology. 2014 Feb 25;82(8):665-70. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000151. Epub 2014 Jan 22. — View Citation

van den Berg B, Bogaard JM, Hop WC. High fat, low carbohydrate, enteral feeding in patients weaning from the ventilator. Intensive Care Med. 1994 Aug;20(7):470-5. — View Citation

van der Louw EJ, Williams TJ, Henry-Barron BJ, Olieman JF, Duvekot JJ, Vermeulen MJ, Bannink N, Williams M, Neuteboom RF, Kossoff EH, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Cervenka MC. Ketogenic diet therapy for epilepsy during pregnancy: A case series. Seizure. 2017 Feb;45:198-201. doi: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.12.019. Epub 2016 Dec 26. — View Citation

Williams TJ, Cervenka MC. The role for ketogenic diets in epilepsy and status epilepticus in adults. Clin Neurophysiol Pract. 2017 Jul 1;2:154-160. doi: 10.1016/j.cnp.2017.06.001. eCollection 2017. Review. — View Citation

Yamanashi T, Iwata M, Kamiya N, Tsunetomi K, Kajitani N, Wada N, Iitsuka T, Yamauchi T, Miura A, Pu S, Shirayama Y, Watanabe K, Duman RS, Kaneko K. Beta-hydroxybutyrate, an endogenic NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor, attenuates stress-induced behavioral and inflammatory responses. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 9;7(1):7677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08055-1. — View Citation

Yang X, Cheng B. Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities of ketogenic diet on MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci. 2010 Oct;42(2):145-53. doi: 10.1007/s12031-010-9336-y. Epub 2010 Mar 24. — View Citation

Youm YH, Nguyen KY, Grant RW, Goldberg EL, Bodogai M, Kim D, D'Agostino D, Planavsky N, Lupfer C, Kanneganti TD, Kang S, Horvath TL, Fahmy TM, Crawford PA, Biragyn A, Alnemri E, Dixit VD. The ketone metabolite ß-hydroxybutyrate blocks NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory disease. Nat Med. 2015 Mar;21(3):263-9. doi: 10.1038/nm.3804. Epub 2015 Feb 16. — View Citation

* Note: There are 33 references in all — Click here to view all references

Outcome

Type	Measure	Description	Time frame	Safety issue
Other	Change in total blood cholesterol level	Units: milligram/deciliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood low-density lipoprotein level	Units: milligram/deciliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood high-density lipoprotein level	Units: milligram/deciliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood triglycerides level	Units: milligram/deciliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood glucose level	Glucose: sugar in blood. Units: millimole/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood glucagon level	Glucagon: hormone release by pancreas that increase concentration of glucose in blood. Units: nanogram/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood free fatty acids level	Free fatty acids are fatty acids that are produced from triglycerides and are measure in blood.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood insulin levels	Hormone that regulates glucose. Units: insulin units/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood leptin levels	Leptin helps regulate and alter long-term food intake and energy expenditure. Units: nanogram/deciliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood insulin like growth factor 1 levels	Units: nanomole/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood C-reactive protein levels	C-reactive protein is a protein made by the liver that measures inflammation (e.g. pancreatitis). Units: microgram/milliliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood interleukin-1ß levels	Cytokines are signaling molecules that measure inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood interleukin-6 levels	Cytokines are signaling molecules that measure inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood interleukin-18 levels	Cytokines are signaling molecules that measure inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood tumor necrosis factor alpha levels	Cytokines are signaling molecules that measure inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) levels	Chemokine that mediates inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood C-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3) levels	Chemokine that mediates inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood C-C motif chemokine ligand 4 (CCL4) levels	Chemokine that mediates inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (CXCL13) levels	Chemokine that mediates inflammation.	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood ferritin levels	Ferritin stores iron inside of cells. Units: nanogram/milliliter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood betahydroxybutyrate levels	Units: millimole/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Other	Change in blood urine acetoacetate levels	Units: millimole/liter	At baseline and every 24 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Primary	Change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2)	PaCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide Units: millimeters of mercury	Daily until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in minute ventilation	Minute ventilation is the product of respiratory rate and tidal volume. Units: Liter per minute	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in respiratory system compliance	Respiratory system compliance measures the extent to which the lungs will expand.; In a ventilated patient, compliance can be measured by dividing the delivered tidal volume by the [plateau pressure minus the total peep]. Units: liter/centimeter of water	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in driving pressure	Driving pressure is a measure of the strain applied to the respiratory system and the risk of ventilator-induced lung injuries Driving pressure = Plateau pressure - Total Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) Units: centimeter of water	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in ventilator synchrony	Ventilator synchrony is the match between the patient's neural inspiratory time and the ventilator insufflation time	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in mean arterial pressure	Mean arterial pressure is the average pressure in a patient's arteries during one cardiac cycle. Mean arterial pressure = diastolic blood pressure +[1/3(systolic blood pressure - diastolic blood pressure)] Units: millimeter of mercury	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in the fraction of inspired oxygen percentage of oxygen (FiO2)	FiO2: Fraction of Inspired Oxygen Percentage of oxygen in the air mixture that is delivered to the patient.; Units: %	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaO2) to the fraction of inspired oxygen percentage of oxygen (FiO2) ratio	PaO2/FiO2 ratio is the ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2) to fractional inspired oxygen.; Units: millimeter of mercury	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in hydrogen ion activity (pH)	pH measures hydrogen ion activity. It is a conventional part of every arterial blood gas determination pH: no units.	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in Bicarbonate (HCO3)	Bicarbonate is a conventional part of every arterial blood gas determination Units: milliequivalents/Liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in red blood cell count	Red blood cell count measure anemia or hypoglycemia. Units: cells per liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in white blood cell count	White blood cell count evaluates leukopenia or leukocytosis. Units: cells/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in white cell differential	White cell differential shows the amount of neutrophils, lymphocytes, basophils, eosinophils and may give some clue of the type of infection. Units: %	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in hemoglobin levels	Hemoglobin is an indirect way to measure red blood cells. Units: gram/deciliter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in hematocrit	Hematocrit measures the volume percentage of red blood cells in blood. Units: %	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in mean cell volume	Mean cell volume is a measure of the average volume of a red blood corpuscle. Units: femtoliters	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in mean cell hemoglobin	Mean cell hemoglobin is the average mass of hemoglobin per red blood cell in a sample of blood. Units: picograms	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in mean cell hemoglobin concentration	Mean cell hemoglobin concentration is the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood. Units: %	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in platelet count	Platelet count measures the number of platelets in the blood and determines thrombocytopenia or thrombocytosis. Units: platelets/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in red cell distribution width	Red cell distribution width is a measure of the range of variation of red blood cell volume. Units: no units	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in blood albumin level	Liver function test Units: gram/deciliter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum alkaline phosphatase level	Liver function test Units: international units/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum aspartate transaminase level	Liver function test Units: international units/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum alanine aminotransferase level	Liver function test Units: international units/liters	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in blood urea nitrogen levels	Kidney function test Units: milligram/deciliter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum calcium level	Kidney function test Units: milligram/deciliter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum chloride level	Kidney function test Units: millimole/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum potassium level	Kidney function test Units: millimole/liter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in serum creatinine level	Kidney function test Units: gram/deciliter	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Date patient is re-intubated or need mechanical ventilation for a second time	If the patient needs mechanical ventilation for a second time, this information will be collected.	Up to 10 days
Secondary	Length of intensive care unit stay	Time from intensive care unit admission until death or transfer to hospital bed.	Up to 10 days
Secondary	The total hospital stay	Time from hospital admission to discharge from the hospital. This information will be collected.	Up to 10 days
Secondary	Disposition at discharge	Once the patient feels better and can leave the hospital, he/she will be discharged. The place of discharge (e.g. home, rehab facility, nursing home, etc), time and date will be collected.	Up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in heart rate	Heart rate: is the number of times a person's heart beats per minute	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days
Secondary	Change in the dosage of vasopressor medication	Units: milligram	every 6 hours until the patient is wean off the ventilator or die, whichever came first, assessed up to 10 days

External Links

•   Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) - United States, February 12-March 16, 2020