Castagnetto JM, Segovia-Juarez J, Gonzales GF Letter to the Editor: COVID-19 Infections Do Not Change with Increasing Altitudes from 1,000 to 4,700 m. High Alt Med Biol. 2020 Dec;21(4):428-430. doi: 10.1089/ham.2020.0173. Epub 2020 Oct 13.
Intimayta-Escalante C, Rojas-Bolivar D, Hancco I Letter to the Editor: Influence of Altitude on the Prevalence and Case Fatality Rate of COVID-19 in Peru. High Alt Med Biol. 2020 Dec;21(4):426-427. doi: 10.1089/ham.2020.0133. Epub 2020 Aug 14.
Seclén SN, Nunez-Robles E, Yovera-Aldana M, Arias-Chumpitaz A Incidence of COVID-19 infection and prevalence of diabetes, obesity and hypertension according to altitude in Peruvian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2020 Nov;169:108463. doi: 10.1016/j.
Segovia-Juarez J, Castagnetto JM, Gonzales GF High altitude reduces infection rate of COVID-19 but not case-fatality rate. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2020 Oct;281:103494. doi: 10.1016/j.resp.2020.103494. Epub 2020 Jul 15.
Woolcott OO, Bergman RN Mortality Attributed to COVID-19 in High-Altitude Populations. High Alt Med Biol. 2020 Dec;21(4):409-416. doi: 10.1089/ham.2020.0098. Epub 2020 Aug 17.
Prevalence of COVID-19 and Risk Factors Associated With Seroconversion in La Rinconada, the Highest City of the World - 5,100 m
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
