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Madden T, Proehl S, Allsworth JE, Secura GM, Peipert JF Naproxen or estradiol for bleeding and spotting with the levonorgestrel intrauterine system: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Feb;206(2):129.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.09
Madden T, Secura GM, Allsworth JE, Peipert JF Comparison of contraceptive method chosen by women with and without a recent history of induced abortion. Contraception. 2011 Dec;84(6):571-7. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.018. Epub 2011 May 4.
Mestad R, Secura G, Allsworth JE, Madden T, Zhao Q, Peipert JF Acceptance of long-acting reversible contraceptive methods by adolescent participants in the Contraceptive CHOICE Project. Contraception. 2011 Nov;84(5):493-8. doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.20
Nault AM, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Madden T, Secura GM Validity of perceived weight gain in women using long-acting reversible contraception and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):48.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.10.876.
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Spain JE, Peipert JF, Madden T, Allsworth JE, Secura GM The Contraceptive CHOICE Project: recruiting women at highest risk for unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2010 Dec;19(12):2233-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.20
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Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
