Chlamydia Trachomatis — Self Sampling for Rapid Turnaround Testing in the Emergency Department
Citation(s)
Holley CE, Van Pham T, Mezzadra HM, Willis GC, Witting MD Overtreatment of gonorrhea and chlamydial infections in 2 inner-city emergency departments. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Sep;33(9):1265-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2015.06.009. Epub 2015 Jun 12.
Huppert JS, Taylor RG, St Cyr S, Hesse EA, Reed JL Point-of-care testing improves accuracy of STI care in an emergency department. Sex Transm Infect. 2013 Sep;89(6):489-94. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050994. Epub 2013 Mar 7.
Levitt MA, Johnson S, Engelstad L, Montana R, Stewart S Clinical management of chlamydia and gonorrhea infection in a county teaching emergency department--concerns in overtreatment, undertreatment, and follow-up treatment success. J Emerg Med. 2003 Jul;25(1):7-11.
Nelson EJ, Maynard BR, Loux T, Fatla J, Gordon R, Arnold LD The acceptability of self-sampled screening for HPV DNA: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2017 Feb;93(1):56-61. doi: 10.1136/sextrans-2016-052609. Epub 2016 Oct 19. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
