Children, Physical Activity Clinical Trial
Official title:
Effect of High-intensity Intermittent Games on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Composition in Children
This study will assess the effectiveness of a high-intensity intermittent games intervention (HIIG) on cardiorespiratory fitness and corporal composition. Fifty-four children, aged 9-12 years, will be randomised into an HIIG or moderate-intensity games (MIG) group. Before and after the intervention, participants complete cardiorespiratory fitness and corporal composition test. The hypothesis states that there is an improvement in the cardiorespiratory fitness and in the body composition implementing high-intensity intermittent games.
Background
Physical activity is associated with many health benefits, but most children fail to meet the
international recommendation. This is a concerning matter for the future health-care
population, as cardio-metabolic risk factors in children and adolescents can lead to coronary
heart disease, metabolic diseases (obesity, type II diabetes) and mortality in adulthood.
According to children participated in different types of physical activity or early sports
practice in the first stages of life has been positively associated with lower occurrence of
chronic diseases in adulthood. Ultimately, daily participation in outdoor games, fitness
activities, and recreational sports will be a major factor in the improvement of health and
well-being of children and adolescents.
Unlike adults, children's habitual physical activity patterns are highly intermittent in
nature, characterised by rapid changes from rest to vigorous physical activity.
High-intensity intermittent training (HIIT) describes physical exercise as a brief,
intermittent burst of vigorous activity, interspersed by rest periods or low-intensity
exercise. HIIT offers infinite variations with the specific physiological adaptations induced
by this form of training determined by several factors including the precise nature of the
exercise stimulus. In recent years HIIT has received great scientific interest, the studies
have examined the physiological effects of HIIT in children and adolescents and reported
positive findings on cardiorespiratory fitness, fat-free mass index, a change in body mass
index (BMI) and percentage body fat.
Objective The objective of the study is to verify the effects of a high-intensity
intermittent games intervention (HIIG) versus a moderate intensity group on cardiorespiratory
fitness and body composition in children. The hypotheses formulated was: high-intensity
intermittent games intervention contribute to the improvement cardiorespiratory fitness and
body composition in children.
Methods
Study Setting This study is performed in a public school setting in the city of Valparaiso,
Chile.
Participants timeline Will be recruited through information to the parents 54 children from 8
to 12 years old belonging to a public school of Valparaiso, Chile.
Interventions The intervention will last for 12-weeks, each group included participation in
twice-week 40 minutes exercise sessions. In HIIG children took part in 5 games per session; 2
velocity games and 3 small-sided games (such 3 vs 3 and 4 vs 4). This session included 4
minutes games and 2 minutes recovery. In MIG children took part in 5 games per session. This
session included 4 minutes games and 3 minutes recovery. A standardised warm-up protocol
consisting of 5 minutes of running and stretching is performed before each training session.
Cool down is after class 5 minutes of static stretching.
The intensity will be continuously monitored during each session through heart rate (Polar
M400, Finland) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The intervention will be based on the
protocols described by different authors of the area.
These sessions will be conducted inside of the children's normal physical education lessons.
A Physical Education Professor will make the interventions. Thus, the study will be divided
into four moments: T1 (recruitment and screening), T2 assessment before the intervention, and
T3 and T4 for assessment after intervention and assessment follow up.
Sample size The sample is calculated a with variance analysis (ANOVA one way) (one
independent variable) with an anticipated statistical power of 0.95, an error probability of
0.05, and effect size of 0.5, predicted that the appropriate sample size for the present
study is 54 participants (G-power program 3.1.3, Germany).
The subject sample is comprised of 54 elementary school students aged 9-12 years.
Participants and their parents had to sign a written consent containing all the information
of the study prior to the commencing day.
Statistical analysis The normality distribution of the data will be checked with the
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. All data will be expressed as averages and standard deviations (DS).
ANOVA will be used to ensure that all 2 groups are homogeneous according to cardiorespiratory
fitness and body composition before training.
The effects of training will be statistically analysed using post-hoc Tukey test in order to
compare the variables present among the mean value groups between pre and post test (time
effect). For each variable, there is an effect that could be attributed to the intervention
or the gender. Therefore, in both groups, data for boys and girls will be collected and
analysed by a 2-way ANOVA. The threshold for statistical significance is set at p ≤ 0.05. All
analyses will be performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS)
version 22.0.
The study contributes to scientific knowledge since it studies the effects of a new method of
physical exercise which still lacks full clarity regarding its implementation and effect in
variables like cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in children.
The study is guided by practice-based scientific evidence for the use of HIIT in children.
Upon completion of data collection, it is expected that the HIIG volunteers will benefit from
increased cardiorespiratory fitness through the 20 meters shuttle run test, improved body
composition through the decreased body fat mass and increased body muscle mass, reductions in
scores on the IMC, and waist circumference. In the MIG, no significant changes in the values
of any variable analysed are expected. It is believed that the desired results could be
attributed to physiological effects of exercises of high-intensity intermittent exercises
associated with the proposed exercise protocol.
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