Choi H, Mazzone P Preoperative evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for lung resection. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2015 Feb;28(1):18-25. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000149. Review.
Hurford WE, Alfille PH A quality improvement study of the placement and complications of double-lumen endobronchial tubes. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1993 Oct;7(5):517-20.
Karzai W, Schwarzkopf K Hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation: prediction, prevention, and treatment. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jun;110(6):1402-11. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819fb15d. Review.
Katz Y, Zisman E, Isserles SA, Rozenberg B Left, but not right, one-lung ventilation causes hypoxemia during endoscopic transthoracic sympathectomy. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1996 Feb;10(2):207-9.
Nomoto Y Preoperative pulmonary blood flow and one-lung anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1987 Sep;34(5):447-9.
Slinger P, Suissa S, Triolet W Predicting arterial oxygenation during one-lung anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 1992 Dec;39(10):1030-5.
Slinger P, Triolet W, Wilson J Improving arterial oxygenation during one-lung ventilation. Anesthesiology. 1988 Feb;68(2):291-5.
Woods PR, Olson TP, Frantz RP, Johnson BD Causes of breathing inefficiency during exercise in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010 Oct;16(10):835-42. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2010.05.003. Epub 2010 Jun 16.
Yokota K, Toriumi T, Sari A, Endou S, Mihira M Auto-positive end-expiratory pressure during one-lung ventilation using a double-lumen endobronchial tube. Anesth Analg. 1996 May;82(5):1007-10.
Rest Ventilatory Parameters Predict Morbidity and Mortality in Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
