Outcome
Type |
Measure |
Description |
Time frame |
Safety issue |
Other |
Complications related to interscalene brachial plexus block |
Accidental puncture of the common carotid, subclavian, or vertebral artery, pneumo/hemothorax, epidural or intrathecal injection of local anesthetic, local anesthetic systemic toxicity, and other neurological complications |
35 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Other |
Baseline systolic blood pressure |
Measured with a non-invasive blood pressure cuff |
5 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Other |
Post-block systolic blood pressure |
Measured with a non-invasive blood pressure cuff |
35 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Other |
Baseline heart rate |
Measured from electrocardiogram |
5 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Other |
Post-block heart rate |
Measured from electrocardiogram |
35 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Primary |
Time to achieve 50% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 50% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 5% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 5% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 10% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 10% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 90% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 90% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 95% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 95% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 99% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 5th finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 99% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 5% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 5% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 10% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 10% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 50% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 50% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 90% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 90% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 95% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 95% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Time to achieve 99% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude measured from the 1st finger |
During the whole study period, the photoplethysmographic waveform obtained from the 1st and 5th fingers ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block is recorded at 100 Hz. The photoplethysmographic amplitude is calculated by subtracting the valley amplitude from the peak amplitude of one heartbeat in photoplethysmographic waveform. Using all the photoplethysmographic amplitudes between 0 and 25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle, a sigmoid Emax model is built. From the model, the time point, when 99% of maximum photoplethysmographic amplitude is achieved, can be derived. |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Baseline blood flow measured from the brachial artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the brachial artery at the antecubital fossa. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
15 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Baseline blood flow measured from the radial artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the radial artery at the distal forearm area. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
15 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Baseline blood flow measured from the ulnar artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the ulnar artery at the distal forearm area. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
15 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Post-block blood flow measured from the brachial artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the brachial artery at the antecubital fossa. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Post-block blood flow measured from the radial artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the radial artery at the distal forearm area. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Post-block blood flow measured from the ulnar artery ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
The linear ultrasound transducer is placed parallel with the ulnar artery at the distal forearm area. Using pulse wave Doppler ultrasound, time velocity integral per heartbeat is calculated. The cross-sectional diameter of the artery is measured with the transducer placed transversely to the artery. The blood flow of the artery (ml/min) is the product of the averaged time velocity integral (cm), cross-sectional area of the artery (cm2), and heart rate (beats/min). |
25 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Sensory blockade of the C5 dermatome |
Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade of each dermatome is graded as 0 (no cold sensation), 1 (reduced cold sensation), 2 (normal cold sensation). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Sensory blockade of the C6 dermatome |
Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade of each dermatome is graded as 0 (no cold sensation), 1 (reduced cold sensation), 2 (normal cold sensation). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Sensory blockade of the C7 dermatome |
Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade of each dermatome is graded as 0 (no cold sensation), 1 (reduced cold sensation), 2 (normal cold sensation). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Sensory blockade of the C8 dermatome |
Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade of each dermatome is graded as 0 (no cold sensation), 1 (reduced cold sensation), 2 (normal cold sensation). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Sensory blockade of the T1 dermatome |
Using an alcohol swab, the sensory blockade of each dermatome is graded as 0 (no cold sensation), 1 (reduced cold sensation), 2 (normal cold sensation). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of shoulder abduction |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of elbow flexion |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of forearm supination |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of forearm pronation |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of finger abduction |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of thumb abduction |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of thumb adduction |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Motor blockade of thumb opposition |
Motor blockade is assessed by rating the force of movement corresponding to each nerve as 0 (complete block), 1 (partial block), or 2 (no block). |
30 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Baseline pupil diameter ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
Three minutes after the adaptation in low mesopic conditions, the pupil diameter is measured for 2 seconds at 30 Hz using a portable pupillometer. The pupil diameter is obtained by averaging 60 measurement values. |
5 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Baseline pupil diameter contralateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
Three minutes after the adaptation in low mesopic conditions, the pupil diameter is measured for 2 seconds at 30 Hz using a portable pupillometer. The pupil diameter is obtained by averaging 60 measurement values. |
5 minutes before the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Post-block pupil diameter ipsilateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
Three minutes after the adaptation in low mesopic conditions, the pupil diameter is measured for 2 seconds at 30 Hz using a portable pupillometer. The pupil diameter is obtained by averaging 60 measurement values. |
35 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Post-block pupil diameter contralateral to interscalene brachial plexus block |
Three minutes after the adaptation in low mesopic conditions, the pupil diameter is measured for 2 seconds at 30 Hz using a portable pupillometer. The pupil diameter is obtained by averaging 60 measurement values. |
35 minutes after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Pain upon a pinch at the skin area for posterior portal placement (1.5-3 cm inferior and medial to the posterolateral tip of the acromion) |
The pain intensity is rated as 0 (no pain), 1 (mild pain), and 2 (severe pain). |
1 minute before the surgical incision |
|
Secondary |
Pain upon surgical incision (1.5-3 cm inferior and medial to the posterolateral tip of the acromion) |
The pain intensity is rated as 0 (no pain), 1 (mild pain), and 2 (severe pain). |
An average of 1 hour after the introduction of a block needle |
|
Secondary |
Pain upon posterior portal placement (1.5-3 cm inferior and medial to the posterolateral tip of the acromion) |
The pain intensity is rated as 0 (no pain), 1 (mild pain), and 2 (severe pain). |
1 minute after surgical incision |
|