Arena C, Dhawan A Mini-open Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis Using a Suture Anchor. Arthrosc Tech. 2017 Sep 18;6(5):e1625-e1631. doi: 10.1016/j.eats.2017.06.019. eCollection 2017 Oct.
Baker BE, Bierwagen D Rupture of the distal tendon of the biceps brachii. Operative versus non-operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985 Mar;67(3):414-7.
Ball C, Galatz LM, Yamaguchi K Tenodesis or tenotomy of the biceps tendon: Why and when to do it. Tech Shoulder Elb Surg 2001;2:140-152. doi:10.1097/00132589-200109000-00002
Boileau P, Krishnan SG, Coste JS, Walch G Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: a new technique using bioabsorbable interference screw fixation. Arthroscopy. 2002 Nov-Dec;18(9):1002-12.
Boileau P, Neyton L Arthroscopic tenodesis for lesions of the long head of the biceps. Oper Orthop Traumatol. 2005 Dec;17(6):601-23. English, German.
Fellows SJ, Rack PM Changes in the length of the human biceps brachii muscle during elbow movements. J Physiol. 1987 Feb;383:405-12.
Fogg QA, Hess BR, Rodgers KG, Ashwood N Distal biceps brachii tendon anatomy revisited from a surgical perspective. Clin Anat. 2009 Apr;22(3):346-51. doi: 10.1002/ca.20786.
Forman DA, Abdel-Malek D, Bunce CMF, Holmes MWR Muscle length and joint angle influence spinal but not corticospinal excitability to the biceps brachii across forearm postures. J Neurophysiol. 2019 Jul 1;122(1):413-423. doi: 10.1152/jn.00620.2018. Epub 2019 May 22.
Gill TJ, McIrvin E, Mair SD, Hawkins RJ Results of biceps tenotomy for treatment of pathology of the long head of the biceps brachii. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001 May-Jun;10(3):247-9.
Itoi E, Kuechle DK, Newman SR, Morrey BF, An KN Stabilising function of the biceps in stable and unstable shoulders. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993 Jul;75(4):546-50. Erratum in: J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994 Jan;76(1):170.
Jarrett CD, Weir DM, Stuffmann ES, Jain S, Miller MC, Schmidt CC Anatomic and biomechanical analysis of the short and long head components of the distal biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012 Jul;21(7):942-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2011.04.030. Epub 2011 Aug 3.
Kumar VP, Satku K, Balasubramaniam P The role of the long head of biceps brachii in the stabilization of the head of the humerus. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1989 Jul;(244):172-5.
Lo IK, Burkhart SS Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis using a bioabsorbable interference screw. Arthroscopy. 2004 Jan;20(1):85-95.
Lo IK, Burkhart SS Arthroscopic biceps tenodesis: Indications and technique. Oper Tech Sports Med 2002;10:105-112. doi:10.1053/otsm.2002.30651
Maynou C, Mehdi N, Cassagnaud X, Audebert S, Mestdagh H [Clinical results of arthroscopic tenotomy of the long head of the biceps brachii in full thickness tears of the rotator cuff without repair: 40 cases]. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot. 2005 Jun;91(4):300-6. French.
Neviaser AS, Patterson DC, Cagle PJ, Parsons BO, Flatow EL Anatomic landmarks for arthroscopic suprapectoral biceps tenodesis: a cadaveric study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2018 Jul;27(7):1172-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2018.01.007. Epub 2018 Feb 27.
Pfahler M, Branner S, Refior HJ The role of the bicipital groove in tendopathy of the long biceps tendon. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1999 Sep-Oct;8(5):419-24.
Does Forearm Position Matter in Subpectoral Biceps Tenodesis? A Randomised Controlled Trial
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
