Bacterial Infections — Infections Following NeuroSurgery (INS)
Citation(s)
Chen F, Deng X, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang K, Gao L Treatment of severe ventriculitis caused by extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii by intraventricular lavage and administration of colistin. Infect Drug Resist. 2019 Jan 21;12:241-247. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S186646. eCollection 2019.
Conen A, Fux CA, Vajkoczy P, Trampuz A Management of infections associated with neurosurgical implanted devices. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2017 Mar;15(3):241-255. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2017.1267563. Epub 2016 Dec 13. Review.
Horan TC, Andrus M, Dudeck MA CDC/NHSN surveillance definition of health care-associated infection and criteria for specific types of infections in the acute care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008 Jun;36(5):309-32. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2008.03.002. Erratum in: Am J Infect Control. 2008 Nov;36(9):655.
Li YD, Wong CB, Tsai TT, Lai PL, Niu CC, Chen LH, Fu TS Appropriate duration of post-surgical intravenous antibiotic therapy for pyogenic spondylodiscitis. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 17;18(1):468. doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3377-1.
McClelland S 3rd, Hall WA Postoperative central nervous system infection: incidence and associated factors in 2111 neurosurgical procedures. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jul 1;45(1):55-9. Epub 2007 May 21.
Renz N, Özdirik B, Finger T, Vajkoczy P, Trampuz A Infections After Cranial Neurosurgery: Prospective Cohort of 103 Episodes Treated According to a Standardized Algorithm. World Neurosurg. 2018 Aug;116:e491-e499. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.017. Epub 2018 May 30.
Riordan MA, Simpson VM, Hall WA Analysis of Factors Contributing to Infections After Cranioplasty: A Single-Institution Retrospective Chart Review. World Neurosurg. 2016 Mar;87:207-13. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.11.070. Epub 2015 Dec 22.
Rutges JP, Kempen DH, van Dijk M, Oner FC Outcome of conservative and surgical treatment of pyogenic spondylodiscitis: a systematic literature review. Eur Spine J. 2016 Apr;25(4):983-99. doi: 10.1007/s00586-015-4318-y. Epub 2015 Nov 19. Review.
Interventional studies are often prospective and are specifically tailored to evaluate direct impacts of treatment or preventive measures on disease.
Observational studies are often retrospective and are used to assess potential causation in exposure-outcome relationships and therefore influence preventive methods.
Expanded access is a means by which manufacturers make investigational new drugs available, under certain circumstances, to treat a patient(s) with a serious disease or condition who cannot participate in a controlled clinical trial.
Clinical trials are conducted in a series of steps, called phases - each phase is designed to answer a separate research question.
Phase 1: Researchers test a new drug or treatment in a small group of people for the first time to evaluate its safety, determine a safe dosage range, and identify side effects.
Phase 2: The drug or treatment is given to a larger group of people to see if it is effective and to further evaluate its safety.
Phase 3: The drug or treatment is given to large groups of people to confirm its effectiveness, monitor side effects, compare it to commonly used treatments, and collect information that will allow the drug or treatment to be used safely.
Phase 4: Studies are done after the drug or treatment has been marketed to gather information on the drug's effect in various populations and any side effects associated with long-term use.
